The case in which a wavefront is parallel to an interface and its raypath is perpendicular, or normal, to the interface as the wave impinges upon the interface.
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Normal incidence is the case in which the angle of incidence is zero, the wavefront is parallel to the surface and its raypath is perpendicular, or normal, to the interface.
This system, which allows finding the raypaths with great precision, was obtained by D.S. Lukin.
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Average velocity is commonly calculated by assuming a vertical path, parallel layers and straight raypaths, conditions that are quite idealized compared to those actually found in the Earth.