In terms of impulse response, the correspondence between these artifacts and the behavior of the function is as follows: impulse undershoot is equivalent to the impulse response having negative values, impulse ringing (ringing near a point) is precisely equivalent to the impulse response having oscillations, which is equivalent to the derivative of the impulse response alternating between negative and positive values, and there is no notion of impulse overshoot, as the unit impulse is assumed to have infinite height (and integral 1 – a Dirac delta function), and thus cannot be overshot.
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