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A French naturalist, and an early proponent of the idea that evolution occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws.
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In the early 19th century Jean Baptiste Lamarck used fossils to argue for his theory of the transmutation of species.
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In the late 19th century, the term neo-Lamarckism came to be associated with the position of naturalists who viewed the inheritance of acquired characteristics as the most important evolutionary mechanism.
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Although he was opposed to evolution, Buffon is a key figure in the history of evolutionary thought; his work influenced the evolutionary theories of both Lamarck and Darwin.
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The four major alternatives to natural selection in the late 19th century were theistic evolution, neo-Lamarckism, orthogenesis, and saltationism.
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In the first few decades of the 20th century, most field naturalists continued to believe that alternative mechanisms of evolution such as Lamarckism and orthogenesis provided the best explanation for the complexity they observed in the living world.
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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was a gradualist but similar to other scientists of the period had written that saltational evolution was possible.
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Lamarckism (or Lamarckian inheritance) is the hypothesis that an organism can pass on characteristics that it has acquired through use or disuse during its lifetime to its offspring.
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By 1809, in his Philosophie Zoologique, Lamarck had created 9 phyla apart from vertebrates (where he still had 4 phyla: mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish) and molluscs, namely cirripedes, annelids, crustaceans, arachnids, insects, worms, radiates, polyps, and infusorians.
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This misunderstanding was called the inheritance of acquired characters and was part of the theory of transmutation of species put forward in 1809 by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
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He was a colleague of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and expanded and defended Lamarck's evolutionary theories.
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All his life, he would follow the theory of Cuvier and stay opposed to Lamarckism.
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Lamarck believed that these acquired traits could then be passed on to the animal's offspring, who would further develop and perfect them.
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It was this secondary mechanism of adaptation through the inheritance of acquired characteristics that would become known as Lamarckism and would influence discussions of evolution into the 20th century.
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Despite these criticisms, neo-Lamarckism remained the most popular alternative to natural selection at the end of the 19th century, and would remain the position of some naturalists well into the 20th century.
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Lamarck did not believe that all living things shared a common ancestor but rather that simple forms of life were created continuously by spontaneous generation.
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Darwin's observations led him to view transmutation as a process of divergence and branching, rather than the ladder-like progression envisioned by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and others.
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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck envisioned that life is generated in the form of the simplest creatures constantly, and then strive towards complexity and perfection (i.e. humans) through a series of lower forms.
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A radical British school of comparative anatomy that included the anatomist Robert Edmond Grant was closely in touch with Lamarck's French school of Transformationism.
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Cuvier attacked the ideas of Lamarck and Geoffroy, agreeing with Aristotle that species were immutable.
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In the late 19th century this theory became known as Lamarckism.
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They considered Lamarckism to be philosophically superior to Darwin's idea of selection acting on random variation.
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Critics of neo-Lamarckism, such as the German biologist August Weismann and Alfred Russel Wallace, pointed out that no one had ever produced solid evidence for the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
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The process was begun in 1793 by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, who called the Vermes une espèce de chaos (a chaotic mess) and split the group into three new phyla, worms, echinoderms, and polyps (which contained corals and jellyfish).
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In the 1944 book Tempo and Mode in Evolution, George Gaylord Simpson showed that the fossil record was consistent with the irregular non-directional pattern predicted by the developing evolutionary synthesis, and that the linear trends that earlier paleontologists had claimed supported orthogenesis and neo-Lamarckism did not hold up to closer examination.
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His works influenced the next two generations of naturalists, including Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Georges Cuvier.
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