sympatric speciation
Spesiasi simpatrik
speciation oor Indonesies
speciation
en
(biology) The process by which new distinct species evolve.
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spesiasi
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evolutionary process
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An initially interbreeding population that splits into two or more distinct species sharing a common range exemplifies sympatric speciation.
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In extreme cases, the founder effect is thought to lead to the speciation and subsequent evolution of new species.
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Usually the process of speciation is slow, occurring over very long time spans; thus direct observations within human life-spans are rare.
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Philosopher Kim Sterelny in clarifying the meaning of stasis adds, "In claiming that species typically undergo no further evolutionary change once speciation is complete, they are not claiming that there is no change at all between one generation and the next.
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Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould proposed that there was a pattern of fossil species that remained largely unchanged for long periods (what they termed stasis), interspersed with relatively brief periods of rapid change during speciation.
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A brochure published in 1999 by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in the United States says: “A particularly compelling example of speciation [the evolution of new species] involves the 13 species of finches studied by Darwin on the Galápagos Islands, now known as Darwin’s finches.”
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A year before their 1972 Eldredge and Gould paper, Niles Eldredge published a paper in the journal Evolution which suggested that gradual evolution was seldom seen in the fossil record and argued that Ernst Mayr's standard mechanism of allopatric speciation might suggest a possible resolution.
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Where Simpson relied upon a synergistic interaction between genetic drift and a shift in the adaptive fitness landscape, Eldredge and Gould relied upon ordinary speciation, particularly Ernst Mayr's concept of allopatric speciation.
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The third mode is parapatric speciation.
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Allopatric speciation begins when a population becomes geographically separated.
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However speciation has been observed in present-day organisms, and past speciation events are recorded in fossils.
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An example of such a speciation event is when the plant species Arabidopsis thaliana and Arabidopsis arenosa crossbred to give the new species Arabidopsis suecica.
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Genetic divergence will always accompany reproductive isolation, either due to novel adaptations via selection and/or due to genetic drift, and is the principal mechanism underlying speciation.
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In this sense, microevolution and macroevolution might involve selection at different levels—with microevolution acting on genes and organisms, versus macroevolutionary processes such as species selection acting on entire species and affecting their rates of speciation and extinction.
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Generally, sympatric speciation in animals requires the evolution of both genetic differences and nonrandom mating, to allow reproductive isolation to evolve.
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This happened about 20,000 years ago, and the speciation process has been repeated in the laboratory, which allows the study of the genetic mechanisms involved in this process.
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The common ancestor of the gorilla and human speciated.
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Extinction is not an unusual event, as species regularly appear through speciation and disappear through extinction.
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The science of ornithology has a long history and studies on birds have helped develop several key concepts in evolution, behaviour and ecology such as the definition of species, the process of speciation, instinct, learning, ecological niches, guilds, island biogeography, phylogeography, and conservation.
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Those ancestors of the family Hominidae had already speciated from the family Hylobatidae (the gibbons), perhaps 15 million to 20 million years ago.
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Now I've argued, this is not genesis; this is building on three and a half billion years of evolution. And I've argued that we're about to perhaps create a new version of the Cambrian explosion, where there's massive new speciation based on this digital design.
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If most evolution happens in these rare instances of allopatric speciation then evidence of gradual evolution in the fossil record should be rare.
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In sexually reproducing organisms, speciation results from reproductive isolation followed by genealogical divergence.
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Their paper built upon Ernst Mayr's model of geographic speciation, I. Michael Lerner's theories of developmental and genetic homeostasis, and their own empirical research.
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Scientists now have a good understanding of the origin of new species (speciation) and have observed the speciation process in the laboratory and in the wild.
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