transverse wave oor Masedonies
transverse wave
en
(physics) Any wave in which the direction of disturbance is perpendicular to the direction of travel
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en
moving wave that consists of oscillations occurring perpendicular (right angled) to the direction of energy transfer (or the propagation of the wave)
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voorbeelde
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Consider a traveling transverse wave (which may be a pulse) on a string (the medium).
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In the apparatus Hertz used, the electric and magnetic fields would radiate away from the wires as transverse waves.
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Polarization is an important parameter in areas of science dealing with transverse waves, such as optics, seismology, radio, and microwaves.
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In three dimensions, vibration is not restricted to the direction of propagation, and can also occur in the perpendicular planes, like transverse waves.
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Transverse waves that exhibit polarization include electromagnetic waves such as light and radio waves, gravitational waves, and transverse sound waves (shear waves) in solids.
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Being a transverse wave the E and H fields must then contain components only in the x and y directions whereas Ez = Hz = 0.
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In addition to transverse waves, there are many wave motions where the oscillation is not limited to directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
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The vector containing ex and ey (but without the z component which is necessarily zero for a transverse wave) is known as a Jones vector.
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A simple example of a polarized transverse wave is vibrations traveling along a taut string (see image); for example, in a musical instrument like a guitar string.
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While mechanical waves can be both transverse and longitudinal, all electromagnetic waves are transverse in free space.
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In some types of transverse waves, the wave displacement is limited to a single direction, so these also do not exhibit polarization; for example, in surface waves in liquids (gravity waves), the wave displacement of the particles is always in a vertical plane.
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Thus the leading vectors e and h each contain up to two nonzero (complex) components describing the amplitude and phase of the wave's x and y polarization components (again, there can be no z polarization component for a transverse wave in the +z direction).
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These cases are far beyond the scope of the current article which concentrates on transverse waves (such as most electromagnetic waves in bulk media), however one should be aware of cases where the polarization of a coherent wave cannot be described simply using a Jones vector, as we have just done.
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Electromagnetic waves (such as light), traveling in free space or another homogeneous isotropic non-attenuating medium, are properly described as transverse waves, meaning that a plane wave's electric field vector E and magnetic field H are in directions perpendicular to (or "transverse" to) the direction of wave propagation; E and H are also perpendicular to each other.
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Inertial waves are transverse.
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A Love wave is a surface wave having horizontal waves that are shear or transverse to the direction of propagation.
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However it was not until the 19th century that Augustin-Jean Fresnel described the phenomenon in terms of polarization, understanding light as a wave with field components in transverse polarizations (perpendicular to the direction of the wave vector).
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Wireless media may carry surface waves or skywaves, either longitudinally or transversely, and are so classified.
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Starting in November 1887 with his paper "On Electromagnetic Effects Produced by Electrical Disturbances in Insulators", Hertz would send a series of papers to Helmholtz at the Berlin Academy, including papers in 1888 that showed transverse free space electromagnetic waves traveling at a finite speed over a distance.
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At that time, the wave model of light—specifically, the Maxwell theory of electromagnetic radiation—was well accepted among scientists, and experiments by Charles Glover Barkla showed that X-rays exhibited phenomena associated with electromagnetic waves, including transverse polarization and spectral lines akin to those observed in the visible wavelengths.
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Nonetheless, he still pursued the idea and based on various approximations came to the conclusion there must, in fact, be three types of gravitational waves (dubbed longitudinal-longitudinal, transverse-longitudinal, and transverse-transverse by Hermann Weyl).
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On the other hand, sound waves in a bulk solid can be transverse as well as longitudinal, for a total of three polarization components.
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The physics of sound in fluids differs from the physics of sound in solids, although both are density waves: sound waves in fluids only have longitudinal components, whereas sound waves in solids have longitudinal and transverse components.
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Just considering electromagnetic waves, we note that the preceding discussion strictly applies to plane waves in a homogeneous isotropic non-attenuating medium, whereas in an anisotropic medium (such as birefringent crystals as discussed below) the electric or magnetic field may have longitudinal as well as transverse components.
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24 sinne gevind in 5 ms. Hulle kom uit baie bronne en word nie nagegaan nie.