the difference in potential energy between two points in an electric field; the difference in charge between two points in an electrical circuit; voltage
It is the constant of proportionality of the Josephson effect, relating the potential difference across a Josephson junction to the frequency of the irradiation.
When an electrical potential difference (a voltage) is applied across the metal, the resulting electric field causes electrons to drift towards the positive terminal.
When photogenerated electrons and holes have different mobilities, a potential difference can be created between the illuminated and non-illuminated faces of a semiconductor slab.
The ebbing salty water flowing past London's Waterloo Bridge interacts with the Earth's magnetic field to produce a potential difference between the two river-banks.
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And, actually, all cells have some voltage potential difference, but it's especially relevant when we talk about a neuron and its ability to send signals.
So there's actually a potential difference that if the membrane wasn't there, negative charges would want to escape or positive charges or positive ions would want to get in.
The EMF per element is approximately 0.8 volts; with thousands of stacked elements, Zamboni piles have output potential differences in the kilovolt range, but current output in the nanoampere range.
So you have more potassium coming outside because of this permeability than sodium coming inside -- and that's the main cause of the potential difference between the outside and the inside.