Important techniques for determining the structures of nucleoproteins include X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance and cryo-electron microscopy.
These methods include density measurement, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
The secondary efflorescence substances were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and scanning electron microscope (SEM).