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Author: langbot
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English[en]
Germanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is a lustrous, hard-brittle, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors silicon and tin. Pure germanium is a semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon. Like silicon, germanium naturally reacts and forms complexes with oxygen in nature. Because it seldom appears in high concentration, germanium was discovered comparatively late in the history of chemistry. Germanium ranks near fiftieth in relative abundance of the elements in the Earth's crust. In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev predicted its existence and some of its properties from its position on his periodic table, and called the element ekasilicon. Nearly two decades later, in 1886, Clemens Winkler found the new element along with silver and sulfur, in an uncommon mineral called argyrodite. Although the new element somewhat resembled arsenic and antimony in appearance, the combining ratios in compounds agreed with Mendeleev's predictions for a relative of silicon. Winkler named the element after his country, Germany. Today, germanium is mined primarily from sphalerite (the primary ore of zinc), though germanium is also recovered commercially from silver, lead, and copper ores.
Cornish[kw]
Elven gymyk yw germaniom, niver 32 y'n Vosen Beriodek. Y furvell yw Ge. An hanow a dheu dhyworth Germania, an hanow Latin rag Almayn. Nyns eus devnydh dhe germaniom y'n korf denel. Yn despit dhe hemma, re a leveris bos germaniom lesel dhe yeghes, wosa lyver dyllys yn Nihon yn 1980. Kazuhiko Asai a lavasas bos kesstoffow germaniom dhe les an kevreyth immun. Yn 1989 Governans an RU a warnyas yn erbynn aga devnydh. Diskudhys veu germaniom gans Clemens A Winkler (1838-1902) yn Freiberg, Almayn yn 1886. Ev a wrug hwithrans war voon argyrodit. Askorrys yw a-dro dhe 80 tonnas an vledhen dhyworth atal teudhoryon zynk. Hanterkendegor yw, ytho usys o gans arsenik rag lies bledhen dhe wul kesrannow elektronek. Lemmyn usys yw galliom yn y le. An chyf devnydh dhodho lemmyn yw dhe wul lensys kamera. Hanter-alkan gwynn-arghansek, brottel yw germaniom. Germaniom o an elven kynsa usys dhe wul transistoryon dhyworth 1948 a-rag. Y boos atomek yw 72.61. Y boynt treudhi yw 938°C ha'y boynt bryjyon yw 2830°C. Y dhosedh yw 5.3kg an liter.