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Author: langbot
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English[en]
Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a hard, brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic luster, and is a tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor. It is a member of group 14 in the periodic table: carbon is above it; and germanium, tin, lead, and flerovium are below it. It is relatively unreactive. Because of its high chemical affinity for oxygen, it was not until 1823 that Jöns Jakob Berzelius was first able to prepare it and characterize it in pure form. Its oxides form a family of anions known as silicates. Its melting and boiling points of 1414 °C and 3265 °C, respectively, are the second highest among all the metalloids and nonmetals, being surpassed only by boron. Silicon is the eighth most common element in the universe by mass, but very rarely occurs as the pure element in the Earth's crust. It is most widely distributed in space in cosmic dusts, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen. Silicon is a natural element, and when not previously present has a residence time of about 400 years in the world's oceans.[10] Most silicon is used commercially without being separated, often with very little processing of the natural minerals. Such use includes industrial construction with clays, silica sand, and stone. Silicates are used in Portland cement for mortar and stucco, and mixed with silica sand and gravel to make concrete for walkways, foundations, and roads. They are also used in whiteware ceramics such as porcelain, and in traditional silicate-based soda-lime glass and many other specialty glasses. Silicon compounds such as silicon carbide are used as abrasives and components of high-strength ceramics. Silicon is the basis of the widely used synthetic polymers called silicones.
Cornish[kw]
Elven gymyk niver 14 y'n Vosen Beriodek yw silikon. Y furvell gymyk yw Si. An hanow a dheu dhyworth an ger Latin silex, ow styrya kelester. Usys veu silika avel kelesterow dhe wul an toulys kynsa. Essensek dhe nebes eghennow kepar ha diatomow ha spongow yw silikon avel silikon dioksid po silika (SiO2). Gwrys yw aga hesweythow dhyworth silika. Gwirhaval yw y vos essensek dhe dus ynwedh. Nyns yw silikon ha'y gesstoffow gwenonek. Y'n gwettha prys, mars yw anellys perthyglow munys a silika y'n skevens, i a wra kawsya silikosis. Arwodhow yw anellans ronk, pasa ha fyllel anella. Kemmyn o an dises yn-mysk tus val asbestos, oberoryon lesterva ha gweythvaow fronnow kerri neb a wre usya asbestos. Usys yw an kesstoff silikon dhe wul ympyansow bronn. Yn 1800 Syr Humphrey Davy a leveris silika dhe vos kesstoff, nyns elven avel leveris Lavoisier. Mes ny yllis digelmi an elven gans elektrolysans. Diskudhys veu silikon gans Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779-1848) yn Stockholm yn 1824. Kevys yw silikon yn lies furv dres an Norvys. Pals yw tewes avel pennfenten silika. Balweyth re beu kowlwrys rag monow silikon avel talk (yn Ostri, Itali hag Eynda), ha mika (yn Kanada, an Statys Unys ha Brasil). Yth yw furvow erel silika mar danow i bos pur gostek, rag ensampel opal hag amethyst. An diwysyans drehevel a wra kregi war dewes ha lim (kalciom silikat), ha gul gweder ynwedh. Silikon fest pur yw usys yn korrasklos rag jynnow amontya. Karborundum (silikon karbid - SiC) yw ogas dhe galetter adamant, hag usys yw avel daffar eskravus. Gwrys yw kroghen an Norvys gans lies moon silikon kepar ha men growan. Poos atomek silikon yw 28.09, y boynt teudhi yw 1410°C ha'y boynt bryjyon yw 2355°C. Y dhosedh yw 2.3kg an liter. Hanter-alkan yw silikon. Glas-loos yw y wrysow gans lenter metelyek.