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English

In 1867 the United States Supreme Court held that the federal ironclad oath for attorneys and the similar Missouri state oath for ministers, teachers, and other professionals were unconstitutional, because they violated the constitutional prohibitions against bills of attainder and ex post facto laws.

Chinese

1867年,美國最高法院宣判,聯邦政府對檢察官及律師的絕對忠誠誓詞,以及近似於此,適用於教師及專業人士的密蘇里州誓詞都是違憲的,因為它們違背憲法禁止剝奪公民權法案(bill of attainder)及追溯法令的相關規定。