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English[en]
Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1. Hydrogen is the lightest element. At standard conditions hydrogen is a gas of diatomic molecules having the formula H2. It is colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, and highly combustible. Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical substance in the universe, constituting roughly 75% of all normal matter. Stars such as the Sun are mainly composed of hydrogen in the plasma state. Most of the hydrogen on Earth exists in molecular forms such as water and organic compounds. For the most common isotope of hydrogen (symbol 1H) each atom has one proton, one electron, and no neutrons. In the early universe, the formation of protons, the nuclei of hydrogen, occurred during the first second after the Big Bang. The emergence of neutral hydrogen atoms throughout the universe occurred about 370,000 years later during the recombination epoch, when the plasma had cooled enough for electrons to remain bound to protons. Hydrogen is nonmetallic, except at extremely high pressures, and readily forms a single covalent bond with most nonmetallic elements, forming compounds such as water and nearly all organic compounds. Hydrogen plays a particularly important role in acid–base reactions because these reactions usually involve the exchange of protons between soluble molecules. In ionic compounds, hydrogen can take the form of a negative charge (i.e., anion) where it is known as a hydride, or as a positively charged (i.e., cation) species denoted by the symbol H+. The H+ cation is simply a proton (symbol p) but its behavior in aqueous solutions and in ionic compounds involves screening of its electric charge by nearby polar molecules or anions. Because hydrogen is the only neutral atom for which the Schrödinger equation can be solved analytically, the study of its energetics and chemical bonding has played a key role in the development of quantum mechanics. Hydrogen gas was first artificially produced in the early 16th century by the reaction of acids on metals. In 1766–1781, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize that hydrogen gas was a discrete substance, and that it produces water when burned, the property for which it was later named: in Greek, hydrogen means "water-former". Industrial production is mainly from steam reforming of natural gas, oil reforming, or coal gasification. A small percentage is also produced using more energy-intensive methods such as the electrolysis of water.
Cornish[kw]
Elven gymyk yw hidrojen, niver onan y'n Vosen Beriodek. Y furvell gymyk yw H. An hanow a dheu dhyworth an geryow Greka hydro ha genes, ow styrya furvya dowr. Hidrojen veu an elven gynsa furvyes y'n Bomm Bras, an elven voyha pals y'n Ollvys yw, an elven gynsa y'n vosen beriodek, an elven hag a voos an Howl ha'n ster, ha'n gass moyha skav. Meur a rann hidrojen war an nor yw awos dowr ha trenkennow. Hidrojen yw 88% a atomow an Ollvys. Yn kres steren kepar ha'n Howl, an tempredh ughel (a-dro dhe 13 milvil gradh) ha dosedh ughel (200kg an liter) a wra kawsya dhe hidrojen 'leski', h.y. protons a omdedh dhe furvya nuklesennow heliom, ow livra myns efan a nerthedh ha dewynnyans. An Howl a chanj 600 milvil tunnas a hidrojen pub eylen dhe heliom. Ytho hidrojen yw keunys ster. Dowr a syns 65% a boos an korf denel. Elven essensek dhe vewnans yw hidrojen awos y vos rann a DNA. Yma edhomm dhe'n korf denel a-dro dhe 2.5 liter a dhowr pub dydh oll. Hanter hemma yw yn furv diwes ha'n hanter aral avel boos. Prov spektrum hidrojen Diskudhys veu hidrojen gans Henry Cavendish (1731-1810), onan a'n dus voyha golusek yn Pow Sows. Ev a gemyskas livyow horn ha trenken sulfurik. An gass hag a dheuth o purloskadow. Yn 1781 ev veu an kynsa dhe dhiskwedhes dowr bos furvys pan leskys veu hidrojen yn ayr. Awos hemma, henwys veu hidrojen gan an kymegydh Frynkek a vri, Antoine Lavoisier. Yma dhe hidrojen dhew isotop aral, deuteriom gans unn nywtron y'n nuklesen ha tritiom gans dew nywtron y'n nuklesen. Y hyllir usya tritiom dhe wul tanbellen 'hidrojen'. Usys o hidrojen dhe wul gorholyon ayr. Wosa droklamm an Hindenburg yn 1937, ny veu usys gorholyon ayr namoy. Askorrys yw moy es 30 milvil tunnas an vledhen dhyworth gass naturel. Usys yw dhe wul ammonya hag ena godeylyow. Y'n dedhyow ma, re kyttrinyow ha kerri a yll devnydhya hidrojen, hag y leverir y vos keunys rag an termyn a dheu. Y'n keth fordh, hidrojen a alsa bos an fordh dhe askorra tredan y'n termyn a dheu dre gesteudhans hidrojen. Nyns yw an deknologieth avonsys lowr hwath, mes martesen y fydh an ragdres ITER yn Pow Frynk kamm yn-rag. Gass diliw, anvlasus yw. Tardhadow yw kemyskans a hidrojen hag ayr.