Literature in Cornish
Lyenn Kernewek
literature oor Kornies
literature
en
The body of all written works.
Vertalings in die woordeboek Engels - Kornies
lien
en
body of all written works
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Additional information on leisure and tourism themes can be found by reading our Art, literature and theatre, Cornish Language and culture, and Maritime guides.
My yw re verr.langbot langbot
literature
A nyns yw da genes avalow?langbot langbot
As a youngster growing up in the clay country I had no idea that the Cornish language even existed. It is only as an adult, as I raise my own children, that a sense of identity has become more important to me and that motivated me to find out whether language classes were available locally. When I asked the question I had no idea how the revival of the language has progressed in the last thirty years and how accessible classes, teachers and literature were. I started studying in 2007 and have taken grades 1, 2 and 3. I am currently studying for grade 4 which involves not only study of the ancient texts, but also requires a demonstration of a knowledge of the history of Cornwall, which I thought I knew pretty well, but I now realise is much more complicated and interesting than I used to think. [Written August 2010].
Res yw dhymm godhvos lemmyn.langbot langbot
We will continue to champion devolution to local government and are committed to devolving greater powers to local government where there is economic rationale to do so. Additional information on leisure and tourism themes can be found by reading our Art, literature and theatre, Cornish Language and culture, and Maritime guides.
Res yw dhymm hedhi.englishtainment-tm-4gq3qjnP englishtainment-tm-4gq3qjnP
The Michael Palmer Award for Cornish Literature
Res yw dhymm gweles hemma.langbot langbot
literature
Yeyn yw an gewer.langbot langbot
(hkg.) writing, literature, letters,
Nyns yw res dhis diberth lemmyn.langbot langbot
writing, literature, letters,
Ple’th esowgh whi?langbot langbot
In any event, the slight knowledge of the layout of St. Hilda’s that I had thus gained was now to prove invaluable. I knew how to get into that building and how to get myself to a room that would give me a reasonable view of the Northern exit of the campus. I dragged the uncomprehending David along with me and left the bewildered zombies to their collective fate. We soon gained the lookout that I had wanted – with no other living or non-living persons in the building to bother us. Sanctuary from the madness outside. The student room that we chose was somewhat spartan – painted concrete block walls, a bed, a desk and chair and a small bookshelf. Its tenant had been a young woman, it seemed – probably a fresher. Why do I say that? On the wall was a poster of ‘The Partridge Family’, featuring prominently a fresh-faced David Cassidy. No-one other than a first-year girl would confess to still having a crush on that particular teenage heart-throb. That would have been so uncool. And the room was scented. I can’t say exactly what the scent was (rose oil?) but it was pleasant – and strong enough to counter the pungent smell of napalm that still hung in the air. On the bookshelf sat a few of the standard (girl) record albums of the time (Carol King, Carly Simon, Nina Simone, Helen Reddy) and, beside them, some surprisingly old teenage literature (Anne of Green Gables, Little Women, The Getting of Wisdom). On the desk sat an IBM ‘golfball’ typewriter – fairly modern (and expensive) for the time. In the typewriter sat an incomplete letter which commenced “Dear Mum and Dad” and continued in a newsy fashion for a couple of paragraphs before stopping mid-sentence. I would like to have met the young woman who had once occupied this room, a young woman who cared enough to write to her Mum and Dad. I think I would have liked her. I wondered idly if she had managed to escape on the first day – and hoped that she had.
Yw an gewer teg?langbot langbot
literature
Res yw dhyn ponya.langbot langbot
literature
An re ma yw enevales.langbot langbot
learning, literature, scholarship
Trigys ov yn Nihon.langbot langbot
literature
My a vynn kavos koffi.langbot langbot
On one stall I found some American comics, in the Dell “Classics” series. This series was greatly prized among schoolboys. The comics were large (about A4 size), well drawn, and highly-coloured. Furthermore, the stories they told were exciting. They were our introduction to classic European and American literature. I remember reading, among many others, “Kidnapped”, “The Last of the Mohicans”, and Hawthorne’s “The House of the Seven Gables” (which was rather scary: “He shall have blood to drink!”)
Nyns yw hemma ki.langbot langbot
We love the English Literature classes.
Kas yw genev ow hentrevogyon.langbot langbot
literature
Hi a vynn dos ha bos medhoges.langbot langbot
literature
Megi difennys!langbot langbot
literature
Ple’th esos ta?langbot langbot
learning, literature, scholarship
Pes bloodh os ta?langbot langbot
We love the English Literature classes. /
Yma karer dhymm.langbot langbot
literature
Ny allav vy dybri kig mogh.langbot langbot
(hkb.) literature, writing
My a wrug konvedhes.langbot langbot
Cornish (Standard Written Form: Kernewek or Kernowek;[8] [kəɾˈnuːək]) is a Southwestern Brittonic language of the Celtic language family. It is a revived language, having become extinct as a living community language in Cornwall at the end of the 18th century. However, knowledge of Cornish, including speaking ability to a certain extent, continued to be passed on within families and by individuals,[9] and a revival began in the early 20th century. The language has a growing number of second-language speakers,[10] and a very small number of families now raise children to speak revived Cornish as a first language.[11][12] Cornish is currently recognised under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages,[13] and the language is often described as an important part of Cornish identity, culture and heritage.[14][15] Along with Welsh and Breton, Cornish is descended from the Common Brittonic language spoken throughout much of Great Britain before the English language came to dominate. For centuries, until it was pushed westwards by English, it was the main language of Cornwall, maintaining close links with its sister language Breton, with which it was mutually intelligible, perhaps even as long as Cornish continued to be spoken as a vernacular.[16][17] Cornish continued to function as a common community language in parts of Cornwall until the mid 18th century. There is some evidence of knowledge of the language persisting into the 19th century, possibly almost overlapping the beginning of revival efforts.[18] A process to revive the language began in the early 20th century, and in 2010, UNESCO announced that its former classification of the language as "extinct" was "no longer accurate."[19] Since the revival of the language, some Cornish textbooks and works of literature have been published, and an increasing number of people are studying the language.[10] Recent developments include Cornish music,[20] independent films,[21] and children's books. A small number of people in Cornwall have been brought up to be bilingual native speakers,[22][23] and the language is taught in schools and appears on road signs.[24][25] The first Cornish-language day care opened in 2010.[26] Classification[edit] Cornish is a Southwestern Brittonic language,[27] a branch of the Insular Celtic section of the Celtic language family, which is a sub-family of the Indo-European language family.[28] Brittonic also includes Welsh, Breton, Cumbric and possibly Pictish, the last two of which are extinct. Scottish Gaelic, Irish and Manx are part of the separate Goidelic branch of Insular Celtic. Joseph Loth viewed Cornish and Breton as being two dialects of the same language, claiming that "Middle Cornish is without doubt closer to Breton as a whole than the modern Breton dialect of Quiberon [Kiberen] is to that of Saint-Pol-de-Léon [Kastell-Paol]."[29] Also, Kenneth Jackson argued that it is almost certain that Cornish and Breton would have been mutually intelligible as long as Cornish was a living language, and that Cornish and Breton are especially closely related to each other and less closely related to Welsh.[30] History[edit] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornish_language_shift.svg A map showing the westward decline of Cornish, 1300–1750 Cornish evolved from the Common Brittonic spoken throughout Britain south of the Firth of Forth during the British Iron Age and Roman period. As a result of westward Anglo-Saxon expansion, the Britons of the southwest were separated from those in modern-day Wales and Cumbria, which Jackson links to the defeat of the Britons at the Battle of Deorham in about 577.[31] The western dialects eventually evolved into modern Welsh and the now extinct Cumbric, while Southwestern Brittonic developed into Cornish and Breton, the latter as a result of emigration to parts of the continent, known as Brittany over the following centuries.[32] Old Cornish[edit] The area controlled by the southwestern Britons was progressively reduced by the expansion of Wessex over the next few centuries. During the Old Cornish (Kernewek Koth)[33] period (800–1200), the Cornish-speaking area was largely coterminous with modern-day Cornwall, after the Saxons had taken over Devon in their south-westward advance, which probably was facilitated by a second migration wave to Brittany that resulted in the partial depopulation of Devon.[34] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vocabularium_Cornicum_BL_MS_Cotton_Vespasian_A_xiv_7r.jpg The first page of Vocabularium Cornicum, a 12th-century Latin-Cornish glossary The earliest written record of the Cornish language comes from this period: a 9th-century gloss in a Latin manuscript of De Consolatione Philosophiae by Boethius, which used the words ud rocashaas. The phrase may mean "it [the mind] hated the gloomy places",[35][36] or alternatively, as Andrew Breeze suggests, "she hated the land".[37] Other sources from this period include the Saints' List, a list of almost fifty Cornish saints,[38] the Bodmin manumissions, which is a list of manumittors and slaves, the latter with mostly Cornish names,[39] and, more substantially, a Latin-Cornish glossary (the Vocabularium Cornicum or Cottonian Vocabulary), a Cornish translation of Ælfric of Eynsham's Latin-Old English Glossary,[40] which is thematically arranged into several groups, such as the Genesis creation narrative, anatomy, church hierarchy, the family, names for various kinds of artisans and their tools, flora, fauna, and household items.[41][42] The manuscript was widely thought to be in Old Welsh until the 18th century when it was identified as Cornish by Edward Lhuyd.[43] Some Brittonic glosses in the 9th-century colloquy De raris fabulis were once identified as Old Cornish, but they are more likely Old Welsh, possibly influenced by a Cornish scribe.[44] No single phonological feature distinguishes Cornish from both Welsh and Breton until the beginning of the assibilation of dental stops in Cornish, which is not found before the second half of the eleventh century,[45] and it is not always possible to distinguish Old Cornish, Old Breton, and Old Welsh orthographically.[46] Middle Cornish[edit] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Origo_Mundi_kynsa_gwersow.jpg The opening verses of Origo Mundi, the first play of the Ordinalia (the magnum opus of medieval Cornish literature), written by an unknown monk in the late 14th century https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beunans_Meriasek_(The_life_of_St_Meriasek)_(f.56v.)_Middle_Cornish_Saint%27s_Play.jpg Beunans Meriasek (The life of St. Meriasek) (f.56v.) Middle Cornish Saint's Play The Cornish language continued to flourish well through the Middle Cornish (Kernewek Kres)[33] period (1200–1600), reaching a peak of about 39,000 speakers in the 13th century, after which the number started to decline.[47][48] This period provided the bulk of traditional Cornish literature, and was used to reconstruct the language during its revival. Most important is the Ordinalia, a cycle of three mystery plays, Origo Mundi, Passio Christi and Resurrexio Domini. Together these provide about 8,734 lines of text. The three plays exhibit a mixture of English and Brittonic influences, and, like other Cornish literature, may have been written at Glasney College near Penryn.[49] From this period also are the hagiographical dramas Beunans Meriasek (The Life of Meriasek) and Bewnans Ke (The Life of Ke), both of which feature as an antagonist the villainous and tyrannical King Tewdar (or Teudar), a historical medieval king in Armorica and Cornwall, who, in these plays, has been interpreted as a lampoon of either of the Tudor kings Henry VII or Henry VIII.[50] Others are the Charter Fragment, the earliest known continuous text in the Cornish language, apparently part of a play about a medieval marriage,[51] and Pascon agan Arluth (The Passion of Our Lord), a poem probably intended for personal worship, were written during this period, probably in the second half of the 14th century.[52] Another important text, the Tregear Homilies, was realized to be Cornish in 1949, having previously been incorrectly classified as Welsh. It is the longest text in the traditional Cornish language, consisting of around 30,000 words of continuous prose. This text is a late 16th century translation of twelve of Bishop Bonner's thirteen homilies by a certain John Tregear, tentatively identified as a vicar of St Allen from Crowan,[53] and has an additional catena, Sacrament an Alter, added later by his fellow priest, Thomas Stephyn.[54] In the reign of Henry VIII, an account was given by Andrew Boorde in his 1542 Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge. He states, "In Cornwall is two speches, the one is naughty Englysshe, and the other is Cornysshe speche. And there be many men and women the which cannot speake one worde of Englysshe, but all Cornyshe."[55] When Parliament passed the Act of Uniformity 1549, which established the 1549 edition of the English Book of Common Prayer as the sole legal form of worship in England, including Cornwall, people in many areas of Cornwall did not speak or understand English. The passing of this Act was one of the causes of the Prayer Book Rebellion (which may also have been influenced by the retaliation of the English after the failed Cornish Rebellion of 1497), with "the commoners of Devonshyre and Cornwall" producing a manifesto demanding a return to the old religious services and included an article that concluded, "and so we the Cornyshe men (whereof certen of us understande no Englysh) utterly refuse thys newe Englysh."[56] In response to their articles, the government spokesman (either Philip Nichols or Nicholas Udall) wondered why they did not just ask the king for a version of the liturgy in their own language.[57] Archbishop Thomas Cranmer asked why the Cornishmen should be offended by holding the service in English, when they had before held it in Latin, which even fewer of them could understand.[58] Anthony Fletcher points out that this rebellion was primarily motivated by religious and economic, rather than linguistic, concerns.[59] The rebellion prompted a heavy-handed response from the government, and 5,500 people died during the fighting and the rebellion's aftermath. Government officials then directed troops under the command of Sir Anthony Kingston to carry out pacification operations throughout the West Country. Kingston subsequently ordered the executions of numerous individuals suspected of involvement with the rebellion as part of the post-rebellion reprisals.[60] The rebellion eventually proved a turning-point for the Cornish language, as the authorities came to associate it with sedition and "backwardness". This proved to be one of the reasons why the Book of Common Prayer was never translated into Cornish (unlike Welsh), as proposals to do so were suppressed in the rebellion's aftermath. The failure to translate the Book of Common Prayer into Cornish led to the language's rapid decline during the 16th and 17th centuries.[61][62] Peter Berresford Ellis cites the years 1550–1650 as a century of immense damage for the language, and its decline can be traced to this period. In 1680 William Scawen wrote an essay describing 16 reasons for the decline of Cornish, among them the lack of a distinctive Cornish alphabet, the loss of contact between Cornwall and Brittany, the cessation of the miracle plays, loss of records in the Civil War, lack of a Cornish Bible and immigration to Cornwall.[63] Mark Stoyle, however, has argued that the 'glotticide' of the Cornish language was mainly a result of the Cornish gentry adopting English to dissociate themselves from the reputation for disloyalty and rebellion associated with the Cornish language since the 1497 uprising.[64] Late Cornish[edit] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lether_Bodinar.jpg William Bodinar's letter, dated 3 July 1776 By the middle of the 17th century, the language had retreated to Penwith and Kerrier, and transmission of the language to new generations had almost entirely ceased. In his Survey of Cornwall, published in 1602, Richard Carew writes: [M]ost of the inhabitants can speak no word of Cornish, but very few are ignorant of the English; and yet some so affect their own, as to a stranger they will not speak it; for if meeting them by chance, you inquire the way, or any such matter, your answer shall be, "Meea navidna caw zasawzneck," "I [will] speak no Saxonage."[65] The Late Cornish (Kernewek Diwedhes)[33] period from 1600 to about 1800 has a less substantial body of literature than the Middle Cornish period, but the sources are more varied in nature, including songs, poems about fishing and curing pilchards, and various translations of verses from the Bible, the Ten Commandments, the Lord's Prayer and the Creed.[66] Edward Lhuyd's Archaeologia Britannica, which was mainly recorded in the field from native speakers in the early 1700s, and his unpublished field notebook are seen as important sources of Cornish vocabulary, some of which are not found in any other source.[67] Archaeologia Britannica also features a complete version of a traditional folk tale, John of Chyanhor, a short story about a man from St Levan who goes far to the east seeking work, eventually returning home after three years to find that his wife has borne him a child during his absence.[68] In 1776, William Bodinar, who describes himself as having learned Cornish from old fishermen when he was a boy, wrote a letter to Daines Barrington in Cornish, with an English translation, which was probably the last prose written in the traditional language. In his letter, he describes the sociolinguistics of the Cornish language at the time, stating that there are no more than four or five old people in his village who can still speak Cornish, concluding with the remark that Cornish is no longer known by young people.[69] However, the last recorded traditional Cornish literature may have been the Cranken Rhyme,[70][71] a corrupted version of a verse or song published in the late 19th century by John Hobson Matthews, recorded orally by John Davey (or Davy) of Boswednack, of uncertain date but probably originally composed during the last years of the traditional language. Davey had traditional knowledge of at least some Cornish.[72] John Kelynack (1796–1885), a fisherman of Newlyn, was sought by philologists for old Cornish words and technical phrases in the 19th century.[73] Decline of Cornish speakers between 1300 and 1800[edit] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dorothy_Pentreath.jpg Dolly Pentreath (died 1777), said to be the last monolingual speaker of Cornish, in an engraved portrait published in 1781 It is difficult to state with certainty when Cornish ceased to be spoken, due to the fact that its last speakers were of relatively low social class and that the definition of what constitutes "a living language" is not clear cut. Peter Pool argues that by 1800 nobody was using Cornish as a daily language and no evidence exists of anyone capable of conversing in the language at that date.[74] However, passive speakers, semi-speakers and rememberers, who retain some competence in the language despite not being fluent nor using the language in daily life, generally survive even longer. The traditional view that Dolly Pentreath (1692–1777) was the last native speaker of Cornish has been challenged,[18] and in the 18th and 19th centuries there was academic interest in the language and in attempting to find the last speaker of Cornish. It has been suggested that, whereas Pentreath was probably the last monolingual speaker, the last native speaker may have been John Davey of Zennor, who died in 1891.[75] However, although it is clear Davey possessed some traditional knowledge in addition to having read books on Cornish, accounts differ of his competence in the language. Some contemporaries stated he was able to converse on certain topics in Cornish whereas others affirmed they had never heard him claim to be able to do so.[74] Robert Morton Nance, who reworked and translated Davey's Cranken Rhyme, remarked, "There can be no doubt, after the evidence of this rhyme, of what there was to lose by neglecting John Davey."[76] The search for the last speaker is hampered by a lack of transcriptions or audio recordings, so that it is impossible to tell from this distance whether the language these people were reported to be speaking was Cornish, or English with a heavy Cornish substratum, nor what their level of fluency was. Nevertheless this academic interest, along with the beginning of the Celtic Revival in the late 19th century, provided the groundwork for a Cornish language revival movement. Notwithstanding the uncertainty over who was the last speaker of Cornish, researchers have posited the following numbers for the prevalence of the language between 1050 and 1800.[48][47]
Na red y’n stevel-na.langbot langbot
42 sinne gevind in 12 ms. Hulle kom uit baie bronne en word nie nagegaan nie.