start codon
起始密碼子
codon oor Sjinees
codon
en
(biochemistry) A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides, which encode for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis, or translation. Three special codons, called "stop codons," signal protein synthesis to terminate.
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密码子
en
One of the groups of three consecutive nucleotides in mRNA, which represent the unit of genetic coding by specifying a particular amino acid during the synthesis of polypeptides in a cell. (source: FAO)
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en
One of the groups of three consecutive nucleotides in mRNA, which represent the unit of genetic coding by specifying a particular amino acid during the synthesis of polypeptides in a cell. (source: FAO)
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Each group of three bases, called a codon, corresponds to a single amino acid, and there is a specific genetic code by which each possible combination of three bases corresponds to a specific amino acid.
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It was discovered by Mario Capecchi in 1967 that, instead, tRNAs do not ordinarily recognize stop codons at all, and that what he named "release factor" was not a tRNA molecule but a protein.
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At the end of the initiation step, the mRNA is positioned so that the next codon can be translated during the elongation stage of protein synthesis.
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The mapping between the 64 codons and the 20 amino acids is called the genetic code (Figure 9.2).
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These findings do not support a functional significance of ADRA2B indel polymorphism at position -4825 relative to the start codon in the far upstream region of the promoter in the present migraine subjects.
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Only two amino acids other than the standard twenty are known to be incorporated into proteins during translation, in certain organisms: Selenocysteine is incorporated into some proteins at a UGA codon, which is normally a stop codon.
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Following the success of this genome wide codon replacement, the authors continued and achieved the reprogramming of 13 codons throughout the genome, directly affecting 42 essential genes.
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Sequencing provides many more data points, including detection of mutations that prematurely terminate the synthesized protein (early stop codon).
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Each 3-letter codon maps to an amino acid or a stop signal that ends translation.
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The genetic code consists of three-letter 'words' called codons formed from a sequence of three nucleotides (e.g. ACT, CAG, TTT).
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By reassigning transfer RNA (tRNA)/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pairs the codon specificity can be changed.
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The standard genetic code is traditionally represented as an RNA codon table because, when proteins are made in a cell by ribosomes, it is mRNA that directs protein synthesis.
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With the rise of computational biology and genomics, most genes are now discovered at the DNA level, so a DNA codon table is becoming increasingly useful.
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The human genome encodes a few genes whose mRNA stop codon are surprisingly leaky: In these genes, termination of translation is inefficient due to special RNA bases in the vicinity of the stop codon.
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Some nucleotides in this sequence are more important than others: the AUG is most important because it is the actual initiation codon encoding a methionine amino acid at the N-terminus of the protein.
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The codon must recognize and bind the correct tRNA, and not bind to the wrong tRNA.
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Leaky termination in these genes leads to translational readthrough of up to 10% of the stop codons of these genes.
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The steps in this microcycle are (1) positioning the correct aminoacyl-tRNA in the A site of the ribosome, (2) forming the peptide bond and (3) shifting the mRNA by one codon relative to the ribosome.
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In 2013, however, Farren Isaacs and George Church at Harvard University reported the replacement of all 321 TAG stop codons present in the genome of E. coli with synonymous TAA codons, thereby demonstrating that massive substitutions can be combined into higher-order strains without lethal effects.
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The mRNA is read by tRNAs that specifically recognize triplets of letters on the mRNA called codons.
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In an ideal scenario, the genetic code is expanded by one codon, thus having been liberated from its old function and fully reassigned to a non-canonical amino acid (ncAA) (“code expansion”).
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In PSI+ cells, the loss of the Sup35 protein (which is involved in termination of translation) causes ribosomes to have a higher rate of read-through of stop codons, an effect that results in suppression of nonsense mutations in other genes.
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P53 gene mutation at codon 55.
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In this case, the freed tRNA unbinds from the codon and the ribosome shifts to the next codon in the mRNA.
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The most promising approach to change the code is the reassignment of seldomly used or even unused codons.
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