work study oor Kornies

work study

naamwoord

an analysis of a specific job in an effort to find the most efficient method in terms of time and effort

Vertalings in die woordeboek Engels - Kornies

studhyans ober

voorbeelde

studhyans HANOW GOROW studhyansow / HANOW LIESPLEK (piece of work) study
studhyans HANOW GOROW studhyansow / HANOW LIESPLEK (piece of work) study

work study
/ studhyans ober / / /

studhyans HANOW GOROW studhyansow / HANOW LIESPLEK (piece of work) study [dictionary]
studhyans HANOW GOROW studhyansow / HANOW LIESPLEK (piece of work) study [gerlyver]

a study (piece of work)
studhyans masculine noun studhyansow plural a written, musical, or artistic creation.

study piece of work
studhyans

study (piece of work) studhyans HANOW GOROW studhyansow / HANOW LIESPLEK [dictionary]
study (piece of work) studhyans HANOW GOROW studhyansow / HANOW LIESPLEK [gerlyver]

a study (piece of work)
studhyans [hanow gorow] studhyansow [hanow liesplek] [disamstyryans]

study (piece of work) studhyans HANOW GOROW studhyansow / HANOW LIESPLEK
study (piece of work) studhyans HANOW GOROW studhyansow / HANOW LIESPLEK

study (piece of work)
studhyans

a study (piece of work)
studhyans [ hanow gorow ] studhyansow [ hanow liesek / hanow liesplek ] a written, musical, or artistic creation.

a study (piece of work)
studhyans ( masculine noun ) studhyansow ( plural ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

area of study or research mater-testenn area of work field gwel-ober
area of study or research mater-testenn area of work field gwel-ober

Within the Council our structures have improved to allow for better partnership working with the Cornish Language Service, Archives and Cornish Studies Service and the World Heritage Site office fully integrated into our Culture team.
A-ji dhe’n Konsel agan framweythyow re omwellhas dhe asa kesoberyans gwell, gans an Gonis Taves Kernewek, Gonis Kovskrifennow ha Studhyansow Kernewek ha’n sodhva Tyller Ertach an Bys oll ewngemyskys y’gan para Gonisogeth.

Screen Cornwall is leading the development of a Case for Cornish Public Service Media, working with consultants Denzil Monk and Mandy Berry to drive forward recommendations of a scoping study commissioned by Cornwall Council in 2019 and a summary report published in March 2020.
Yma Skrin Kernow ow ledya displegyans a Gas rag Media Gonis Poblek Kernewek, yn unn oberi gans kussulyadoryon Denzil Monk ha Mandy Berry dhe lewya yn-rag komendyansow a studhyans arhwilas a veu erghys gans Konsel Kernow yn 2019 ha derivas kott dyllys mis Meurth 2020.

field (n.) (bas.) 1 area of open ground mes a area of open ground, especially for agricultural or recreational use park; b cultivated field mi; c piece of grassy land where hay is harvested or livestock grazed; meadow i budhynn; ii pasture praz; d arable ~ after reaping and before sowing aryz, battle~ kazlann, gwel, enclosed ~ paddock kew, open ~ mes, small ~ parkynn i walled ~ yard lann; 2 area in which a phenomenon or activity occurs or is studied deves, mes a area of policy park- mater, park; b area of study or research mater-testenn, mater; c area of work gwel- ober, gwel; d area of responsibility lown- mater, mater, lown; e praz; f accumulated information ~ park-enwedhow-kreunyz, exploring ~s hwithra lownyow, ~ of activity lown-aktivitys, ~ of education mater- adhyskanz, ~ of employment mater-arveth, ~ of equal opportunities mater-chonzyow-par, ~ of social inclusion mater synzyanz-sosyal, ~ of study testenn-studhyanz, ~ of vision park- gwelez, gravitational ~ park-diskyrghek,
field (n.) (bas.) 1 area of open ground mes a area of open ground, especially for agricultural or recreational use park; b cultivated field mi; c piece of grassy land where hay is harvested or livestock grazed; meadow i budhynn; ii pasture praz; d arable ~ after reaping and before sowing aryz, battle~ kazlann, gwel, enclosed ~ paddock kew, open ~ mes, small ~ parkynn i walled ~ yard lann; 2 area in which a phenomenon or activity occurs or is studied deves, mes a area of policy park- mater, park; b area of study or research mater-testenn, mater; c area of work gwel- ober, gwel; d area of responsibility lown- mater, mater, lown; e praz; f accumulated information ~ park-enwedhow-kreunyz, exploring ~s hwithra lownyow, ~ of activity lown-aktivitys, ~ of education mater- adhyskanz, ~ of employment mater-arveth, ~ of equal opportunities mater-chonzyow-par, ~ of social inclusion mater synzyanz-sosyal, ~ of study testenn-studhyanz, ~ of vision park- gwelez, gravitational ~ park-diskyrghek,

1 Thessalonians 4 The New Life 1Furthermore then we beseech you, brethren, and exhort you by the Lord Jesus, that as ye have received of us how ye ought to walk and to please God, so ye would abound more and more. 2For ye know what commandments we gave you by the Lord Jesus. 3For this is the will of God, even your sanctification, that ye should abstain from fornication: 4that every one of you should know how to possess his vessel in sanctification and honour; 5not in the lust of concupiscence, even as the Gentiles which know not God: 6that no man go beyond and defraud his brother in any matter: because that the Lord is the avenger of all such, as we also have forewarned you and testified. 7For God hath not called us unto uncleanness, but unto holiness. 8He therefore that despiseth, despiseth not man, but God, who hath also given unto us his holy Spirit. 9But as touching brotherly love ye need not that I write unto you: for ye yourselves are taught of God to love one another. 10And indeed ye do it toward all the brethren which are in all Macedonia: but we beseech you, brethren, that ye increase more and more; 11and that ye study to be quiet, and to do your own business, and to work with your own hands, as we commanded you; 12that ye may walk honestly toward them that are without, and that ye may have lack of nothing. The Coming of the Lord 13But I would not have you to be ignorant, brethren, concerning them which are asleep, that ye sorrow not, even as others which have no hope. 14For if we believe that Jesus died and rose again, even so them also which sleep in Jesus will God bring with him. 15For this we say unto you by the word of the Lord, that we which are alive and remain unto the coming of the Lord shall not prevent them which are asleep. 16For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first: 17then we which are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air: and so shall we ever be with the Lord. 18Wherefore comfort one another with these words.
AN BIBEL KERNEWEK 2020 1 Thessalonianys 4 Bewnans Plegadow dhe Dhuw 1Wor'tiwedh ytho, a vreder, ni a'gas pys ha keski y'n Arloedh Yesu, kepar dell dhegemmersowgh dhiworthyn ni fatell goedh dhywgh kerdhes ha plegya dhe Dhuw, kepar dell gerdhowgh dhe wir, may palshahowgh dhe voy. 2Rag hwi a woer an gorhemmynnow a resen dhywgh der an Arloedh Yesu. 3Rag hemm yw bodh Duw, agas sansheans, hwi dhe omwitha rag fornikasyon, 4dhe wodhvos pubonan ahanowgh fatell wittho y gorf y honan yn sansoleth hag enor, 5heb passhyon drokhwans kepar ha'n Jentilys na aswonn Duw; 6heb treuspassya na gul kamm dh'y vroder na'y doella y'n dra ma, rag bos an Arloedh dialor yn oll an taklow ma, kepar dell leversyn dhywgh kyns ha desta. 7Rag ny'gan gelwis Duw dhe vostedhes, mes yn sansoleth. 8Rakhenna, neb a skon, ny wra skonya mab-den mes Duw a re y Spyrys Sans dhywgh ynwedh. 9A-dro dhe gerensa a'n vreder, ny'gas beus edhomm my dhe skrifa dhywgh, rag hwi re beu dyskys gans Duw dhe gara an eyl y gila, 10ha dhe wir, hwi a wra hemma rag an vreder oll der oll Masedonia. Mes ni a'gas pys, a vreder, may palshahowgh dhe voy, 11ha strivya yn freth dhe vos kosel, ha gul agas taklow hwi, hag oberi gans agas diwla hwi, kepar dell worhemmynnsyn dhywgh, 12may kerthowgh gans onester a-rag an re a-ves, ha ma na vo edhomm dhywgh a dravyth. Devedhyans an Arloedh 13Ny vynnyn hwi dhe vos heb godhvos, a vreder, a-dro dhe'n re a gosk, ma na vewgh grevys kepar ha'n re erell heb govenek. 14Rag mar krysyn Yesu dhe verwel ha dasserghi, yndella ynwedh, dre Yesu, Duw a dhre ganso an re re goskas. 15Hemma a leveryn dhywgh dre er an Arloedh: ni, neb a vew ha neb yw gesys bys yn devedhyans an Arloedh, ny wren mos mann kyns an re re goskas. 16Rag an Arloedh y honan gans kri gorhemmynn, gans lev arghel, ha gans hirgorn Duw, a dhiyskynn dhiworth nev, ha'n re varow yn Krist a sev yn kynsa. 17Ena ni, neb yw yn few, neb yw gesys, a vydh kemmerys war-barth gansa yn kommol dhe vetya an Arloedh y'n ayr; hag yndella pup-prys y fydhyn gans an Arloedh. 18Ytho, kennerthewgh an eyl y gila gans an geryow ma.

So, the other groups had been left to their fates as well. Again, why? Were they, too, so worthless? Then, a few hours after that, all the phones went dead and, at the same time, the TV broadcasts stopped completely. A curious coincidence, you might think. Actually, the TV broadcasts stopped in the middle of ‘The Jetsons’. (But, don’t worry, I’d seen the episode before and well knew that Mr Spacely ultimately reinstated George Jetson – and even gave him a raise! So, I was able to assuage the understandable anxiety that the interrupted transmission had caused to the other survivors by advising them of George’s fate.) After that, we were merely left to speculation as to what was happening outside the campus. (A search for a short-wave radio turned up nothing.) Our discussions went around in circles for hour upon hour. What else was there to do? After all, the library’s snack-food vending machines had already been looted. The single fact that gnawed at all of us was this: one day there were no zombies and the next day there were hundreds of them – all young, all male. How was that possible? We had seen for ourselves that the infection spread by bite, by saliva, I suppose. We had also seen that guys who were bitten took at least two days to succumb – and then return as zombies. In David’s case, of course, he’d lasted for a whole seven days so far. (Though it didn’t look like he’d go much further than that.) So, let’s suppose there was a “Patient Zero”, the first guy to be infected, being treated somewhere in one of the hospitals or clinics around Parkville. How does he manage to bite hundreds of other guys, more or less simultaneously, and instantly turn them into zombies? There were a few of those sheltering in the Baillieu who were studying either biochemistry or medicine. They confirmed what we were all thinking: that’s just not how epidemics work. So, how ...?
Ytho, an bagasow erell re via gesys rag metya aga thenkysyow ynwedh. Unnweyth arta, praga? A nyns ens i heb gwiwder keffrys? Ena, wosa lies our, oll an pellgowseryow a verwis ha, kettermyn, y hedhis yn tien oll an darlesansow-bellwolok. Dell hwarva, an darlesansow a hedhis yn kres an “Jetsons”. (Mes, ny vern, my re welsa an hwedhel ma kyns ha perthi kov yn ta Mester Spacely dhe restorya Jori Jetson dh’y soedh – ha ri dhodho moghheans y wober hogen! Ytho, my a ylli sewajya fienas naturel an dreusvyworyon erell yn kever gordhyllans Jori.) Wosa henna, ny yllyn ni saw desevos a-dro dhe’n hwarvosow a-der an kampus. (Agan hwithrans rag kavoes radyo a donnys berr o heb sewenyans.) Our wosa our, nyns eth agan dadhel dhe le vyth. Byttegyns, a-der dadhel, pyth esa bos gwrys? Wosa oll, jynnow-wertha boes y’n lyverva re via seulabrys preydhys- oll. An wirenn unnik a gnias warnan o hemma: unn jydh, nyns esa zombis vyth; an nessa dydh, yth esa kansow anedha – yowynk oll, gorow oll. Fatell o henna possybyl? Ni re welsa agan honan bos lesys an klevesans dre vrath, dre drew, dell heveli. Dres henna, ni re welsa an dus re via brethys dhe besysa bywa dew dhydh, dhe’n lyha, kyns aga mernans – ha kyns aga dehwelans avel zombis. Heb mar, Davydh re dhursa moy es dew dhydh. Ev re wodhavsa seythun dhien bys lemmyn – mes ny heveli ev dhe besya moy es henna. Ytho, gwren desevos bosva “Perthyer Mann”, an kynsa den bos klevesys. Ha gwren desevos y vos ow dyghtyes yn neb le a-dro dhe Barkville, yn onan a’n medhegvaow po klavjiow eus kevys ena. Fatell wra ev dynsel neb kansow yonkers erell, ogas yn kettermyn, hag ena, a-dhistowgh, treylyes ons i dhe zombis. Yth esa nebes yntredon a woskeusi y’n Baillieu a studhya po bywgemigieth po medhegieth. An re na a afydhyas pyth eson ni oll ow prederi: nyns yw henna dell ober an klevesow epidemyk. Ytho, fatell ...?

Die Harzreise (Viaj an Harz) is a travel book written by Heinrich Heine after walking through the Harz mountains in 1824. The book records his hike from Göttingen, where he was studying, over the Brocken, the region's highest peak, to Ilsenberg. It's made up of a mix of various poems and writings that describe the things he saw and his feelings as he adventured the land 197 years ago. I've found the information regarding the initial publication of these works a little hard to understand, but it seems that the pieces were first published in a serial of 14 parts in 1826 in Der Gesellschafter and then in Reisebilder. Heine described the work as a fragment as he changed it often throughout his life, adding some parts and changing others.
Die Harzreise (Viaj an Harz) yw lyver viajya a skrifas gans Heinrich Heine wosa ev dhe gerdhes dre venydhyow an Harz yn 1824. An lyver yw kovadh y gerdh a Göttingen, le may esa studhyer, a-dreus dhe'n Brocken, mena ughella'n gadon, dhe Ilsenberg. Yth yw gwrys a gemyskans a vardhonegow ha skrifow divers a gelm an draow a welas ha'y omglowansow orth rosya'n tir nans yw 197 bledhen. Ny allav onderstondya'n kedhlow a-dro dhe'n dyllans derowel yn 100% ewn, mes y hevel an skrifow dhe vos dyllys avel kevres yn 1826 yn jornal Der Gesellschafter yn 14 rann ha dhana yn Reisebilder. Heine a dheskrifas an ober avel darn hag y hwrug chanjyow dhodho dres y oos, owth addya nebes rannow ha chanjya erel.

do (v.) (bas.) 1 perform; complete; produce gul, guthyl, oberi a gwra; 2 will; belong to boz, longya; 3 a improve gwellhe; b work at oberi; c adapt; translate trelya; d arrange; tidy dyghtya; 4 serve the needs of; be suitable for lesvoz a be sufficient gul an tro; b suit faja; c provide; serve darbari; 5 a visit; explore gwelaza; b study studhya; c find an answer to; solve respenzi; 6 a conduct oneself omdhegi; b fare; manage fara; 7 a mimic; act like eveleghi; b perform; play arwari; 8 a move at; travel at ardoethya; b travel; traverse tremena; c spend; serve kada, spena termyn; 9 a assault drokkanla; b rob rafna; c cheat; swindle skregi, toella, hyga; 10 ~ again daswul, ~ for make an end of kysya, distrui, ~ good to gul da dhe, da dhe, gul, dhe, gul da, ~ ill kammwul, ~ in ladha, ~ strictly gorwul, ~ time spena termyn y'n toll, termyn y'n toll, spena, an toll, spena termyn yn, y'n toll, spena termyn, toll, spena termyn in, ~ up fastya
do (v.) (bas.) 1 perform; complete; produce gul, guthyl, oberi a gwra; 2 will; belong to boz, longya; 3 a improve gwellhe; b work at oberi; c adapt; translate trelya; d arrange; tidy dyghtya; 4 serve the needs of; be suitable for lesvoz a be sufficient gul an tro; b suit faja; c provide; serve darbari; 5 a visit; explore gwelaza; b study studhya; c find an answer to; solve respenzi; 6 a conduct oneself omdhegi; b fare; manage fara; 7 a mimic; act like eveleghi; b perform; play arwari; 8 a move at; travel at ardoethya; b travel; traverse tremena; c spend; serve kada, spena termyn; 9 a assault drokkanla; b rob rafna; c cheat; swindle skregi, toella, hyga; 10 ~ again daswul, ~ for make an end of kysya, distrui, ~ good to gul da dhe, da dhe, gul, dhe, gul da, ~ ill kammwul, ~ in ladha, ~ strictly gorwul, ~ time spena termyn y'n toll, termyn y'n toll, spena, an toll, spena termyn yn, y'n toll, spena termyn, toll, spena termyn in, ~ up fastya

Cornish (Standard Written Form: Kernewek or Kernowek;[8] [kəɾˈnuːək]) is a Southwestern Brittonic language of the Celtic language family. It is a revived language, having become extinct as a living community language in Cornwall at the end of the 18th century. However, knowledge of Cornish, including speaking ability to a certain extent, continued to be passed on within families and by individuals,[9] and a revival began in the early 20th century. The language has a growing number of second-language speakers,[10] and a very small number of families now raise children to speak revived Cornish as a first language.[11][12] Cornish is currently recognised under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages,[13] and the language is often described as an important part of Cornish identity, culture and heritage.[14][15] Along with Welsh and Breton, Cornish is descended from the Common Brittonic language spoken throughout much of Great Britain before the English language came to dominate. For centuries, until it was pushed westwards by English, it was the main language of Cornwall, maintaining close links with its sister language Breton, with which it was mutually intelligible, perhaps even as long as Cornish continued to be spoken as a vernacular.[16][17] Cornish continued to function as a common community language in parts of Cornwall until the mid 18th century. There is some evidence of knowledge of the language persisting into the 19th century, possibly almost overlapping the beginning of revival efforts.[18] A process to revive the language began in the early 20th century, and in 2010, UNESCO announced that its former classification of the language as "extinct" was "no longer accurate."[19] Since the revival of the language, some Cornish textbooks and works of literature have been published, and an increasing number of people are studying the language.[10] Recent developments include Cornish music,[20] independent films,[21] and children's books. A small number of people in Cornwall have been brought up to be bilingual native speakers,[22][23] and the language is taught in schools and appears on road signs.[24][25] The first Cornish-language day care opened in 2010.[26] Classification[edit] Cornish is a Southwestern Brittonic language,[27] a branch of the Insular Celtic section of the Celtic language family, which is a sub-family of the Indo-European language family.[28] Brittonic also includes Welsh, Breton, Cumbric and possibly Pictish, the last two of which are extinct. Scottish Gaelic, Irish and Manx are part of the separate Goidelic branch of Insular Celtic. Joseph Loth viewed Cornish and Breton as being two dialects of the same language, claiming that "Middle Cornish is without doubt closer to Breton as a whole than the modern Breton dialect of Quiberon [Kiberen] is to that of Saint-Pol-de-Léon [Kastell-Paol]."[29] Also, Kenneth Jackson argued that it is almost certain that Cornish and Breton would have been mutually intelligible as long as Cornish was a living language, and that Cornish and Breton are especially closely related to each other and less closely related to Welsh.[30] History[edit] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornish_language_shift.svg A map showing the westward decline of Cornish, 1300–1750 Cornish evolved from the Common Brittonic spoken throughout Britain south of the Firth of Forth during the British Iron Age and Roman period. As a result of westward Anglo-Saxon expansion, the Britons of the southwest were separated from those in modern-day Wales and Cumbria, which Jackson links to the defeat of the Britons at the Battle of Deorham in about 577.[31] The western dialects eventually evolved into modern Welsh and the now extinct Cumbric, while Southwestern Brittonic developed into Cornish and Breton, the latter as a result of emigration to parts of the continent, known as Brittany over the following centuries.[32] Old Cornish[edit] The area controlled by the southwestern Britons was progressively reduced by the expansion of Wessex over the next few centuries. During the Old Cornish (Kernewek Koth)[33] period (800–1200), the Cornish-speaking area was largely coterminous with modern-day Cornwall, after the Saxons had taken over Devon in their south-westward advance, which probably was facilitated by a second migration wave to Brittany that resulted in the partial depopulation of Devon.[34] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vocabularium_Cornicum_BL_MS_Cotton_Vespasian_A_xiv_7r.jpg The first page of Vocabularium Cornicum, a 12th-century Latin-Cornish glossary The earliest written record of the Cornish language comes from this period: a 9th-century gloss in a Latin manuscript of De Consolatione Philosophiae by Boethius, which used the words ud rocashaas. The phrase may mean "it [the mind] hated the gloomy places",[35][36] or alternatively, as Andrew Breeze suggests, "she hated the land".[37] Other sources from this period include the Saints' List, a list of almost fifty Cornish saints,[38] the Bodmin manumissions, which is a list of manumittors and slaves, the latter with mostly Cornish names,[39] and, more substantially, a Latin-Cornish glossary (the Vocabularium Cornicum or Cottonian Vocabulary), a Cornish translation of Ælfric of Eynsham's Latin-Old English Glossary,[40] which is thematically arranged into several groups, such as the Genesis creation narrative, anatomy, church hierarchy, the family, names for various kinds of artisans and their tools, flora, fauna, and household items.[41][42] The manuscript was widely thought to be in Old Welsh until the 18th century when it was identified as Cornish by Edward Lhuyd.[43] Some Brittonic glosses in the 9th-century colloquy De raris fabulis were once identified as Old Cornish, but they are more likely Old Welsh, possibly influenced by a Cornish scribe.[44] No single phonological feature distinguishes Cornish from both Welsh and Breton until the beginning of the assibilation of dental stops in Cornish, which is not found before the second half of the eleventh century,[45] and it is not always possible to distinguish Old Cornish, Old Breton, and Old Welsh orthographically.[46] Middle Cornish[edit] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Origo_Mundi_kynsa_gwersow.jpg The opening verses of Origo Mundi, the first play of the Ordinalia (the magnum opus of medieval Cornish literature), written by an unknown monk in the late 14th century https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beunans_Meriasek_(The_life_of_St_Meriasek)_(f.56v.)_Middle_Cornish_Saint%27s_Play.jpg Beunans Meriasek (The life of St. Meriasek) (f.56v.) Middle Cornish Saint's Play The Cornish language continued to flourish well through the Middle Cornish (Kernewek Kres)[33] period (1200–1600), reaching a peak of about 39,000 speakers in the 13th century, after which the number started to decline.[47][48] This period provided the bulk of traditional Cornish literature, and was used to reconstruct the language during its revival. Most important is the Ordinalia, a cycle of three mystery plays, Origo Mundi, Passio Christi and Resurrexio Domini. Together these provide about 8,734 lines of text. The three plays exhibit a mixture of English and Brittonic influences, and, like other Cornish literature, may have been written at Glasney College near Penryn.[49] From this period also are the hagiographical dramas Beunans Meriasek (The Life of Meriasek) and Bewnans Ke (The Life of Ke), both of which feature as an antagonist the villainous and tyrannical King Tewdar (or Teudar), a historical medieval king in Armorica and Cornwall, who, in these plays, has been interpreted as a lampoon of either of the Tudor kings Henry VII or Henry VIII.[50] Others are the Charter Fragment, the earliest known continuous text in the Cornish language, apparently part of a play about a medieval marriage,[51] and Pascon agan Arluth (The Passion of Our Lord), a poem probably intended for personal worship, were written during this period, probably in the second half of the 14th century.[52] Another important text, the Tregear Homilies, was realized to be Cornish in 1949, having previously been incorrectly classified as Welsh. It is the longest text in the traditional Cornish language, consisting of around 30,000 words of continuous prose. This text is a late 16th century translation of twelve of Bishop Bonner's thirteen homilies by a certain John Tregear, tentatively identified as a vicar of St Allen from Crowan,[53] and has an additional catena, Sacrament an Alter, added later by his fellow priest, Thomas Stephyn.[54] In the reign of Henry VIII, an account was given by Andrew Boorde in his 1542 Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge. He states, "In Cornwall is two speches, the one is naughty Englysshe, and the other is Cornysshe speche. And there be many men and women the which cannot speake one worde of Englysshe, but all Cornyshe."[55] When Parliament passed the Act of Uniformity 1549, which established the 1549 edition of the English Book of Common Prayer as the sole legal form of worship in England, including Cornwall, people in many areas of Cornwall did not speak or understand English. The passing of this Act was one of the causes of the Prayer Book Rebellion (which may also have been influenced by the retaliation of the English after the failed Cornish Rebellion of 1497), with "the commoners of Devonshyre and Cornwall" producing a manifesto demanding a return to the old religious services and included an article that concluded, "and so we the Cornyshe men (whereof certen of us understande no Englysh) utterly refuse thys newe Englysh."[56] In response to their articles, the government spokesman (either Philip Nichols or Nicholas Udall) wondered why they did not just ask the king for a version of the liturgy in their own language.[57] Archbishop Thomas Cranmer asked why the Cornishmen should be offended by holding the service in English, when they had before held it in Latin, which even fewer of them could understand.[58] Anthony Fletcher points out that this rebellion was primarily motivated by religious and economic, rather than linguistic, concerns.[59] The rebellion prompted a heavy-handed response from the government, and 5,500 people died during the fighting and the rebellion's aftermath. Government officials then directed troops under the command of Sir Anthony Kingston to carry out pacification operations throughout the West Country. Kingston subsequently ordered the executions of numerous individuals suspected of involvement with the rebellion as part of the post-rebellion reprisals.[60] The rebellion eventually proved a turning-point for the Cornish language, as the authorities came to associate it with sedition and "backwardness". This proved to be one of the reasons why the Book of Common Prayer was never translated into Cornish (unlike Welsh), as proposals to do so were suppressed in the rebellion's aftermath. The failure to translate the Book of Common Prayer into Cornish led to the language's rapid decline during the 16th and 17th centuries.[61][62] Peter Berresford Ellis cites the years 1550–1650 as a century of immense damage for the language, and its decline can be traced to this period. In 1680 William Scawen wrote an essay describing 16 reasons for the decline of Cornish, among them the lack of a distinctive Cornish alphabet, the loss of contact between Cornwall and Brittany, the cessation of the miracle plays, loss of records in the Civil War, lack of a Cornish Bible and immigration to Cornwall.[63] Mark Stoyle, however, has argued that the 'glotticide' of the Cornish language was mainly a result of the Cornish gentry adopting English to dissociate themselves from the reputation for disloyalty and rebellion associated with the Cornish language since the 1497 uprising.[64] Late Cornish[edit] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lether_Bodinar.jpg William Bodinar's letter, dated 3 July 1776 By the middle of the 17th century, the language had retreated to Penwith and Kerrier, and transmission of the language to new generations had almost entirely ceased. In his Survey of Cornwall, published in 1602, Richard Carew writes: [M]ost of the inhabitants can speak no word of Cornish, but very few are ignorant of the English; and yet some so affect their own, as to a stranger they will not speak it; for if meeting them by chance, you inquire the way, or any such matter, your answer shall be, "Meea navidna caw zasawzneck," "I [will] speak no Saxonage."[65] The Late Cornish (Kernewek Diwedhes)[33] period from 1600 to about 1800 has a less substantial body of literature than the Middle Cornish period, but the sources are more varied in nature, including songs, poems about fishing and curing pilchards, and various translations of verses from the Bible, the Ten Commandments, the Lord's Prayer and the Creed.[66] Edward Lhuyd's Archaeologia Britannica, which was mainly recorded in the field from native speakers in the early 1700s, and his unpublished field notebook are seen as important sources of Cornish vocabulary, some of which are not found in any other source.[67] Archaeologia Britannica also features a complete version of a traditional folk tale, John of Chyanhor, a short story about a man from St Levan who goes far to the east seeking work, eventually returning home after three years to find that his wife has borne him a child during his absence.[68] In 1776, William Bodinar, who describes himself as having learned Cornish from old fishermen when he was a boy, wrote a letter to Daines Barrington in Cornish, with an English translation, which was probably the last prose written in the traditional language. In his letter, he describes the sociolinguistics of the Cornish language at the time, stating that there are no more than four or five old people in his village who can still speak Cornish, concluding with the remark that Cornish is no longer known by young people.[69] However, the last recorded traditional Cornish literature may have been the Cranken Rhyme,[70][71] a corrupted version of a verse or song published in the late 19th century by John Hobson Matthews, recorded orally by John Davey (or Davy) of Boswednack, of uncertain date but probably originally composed during the last years of the traditional language. Davey had traditional knowledge of at least some Cornish.[72] John Kelynack (1796–1885), a fisherman of Newlyn, was sought by philologists for old Cornish words and technical phrases in the 19th century.[73] Decline of Cornish speakers between 1300 and 1800[edit] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dorothy_Pentreath.jpg Dolly Pentreath (died 1777), said to be the last monolingual speaker of Cornish, in an engraved portrait published in 1781 It is difficult to state with certainty when Cornish ceased to be spoken, due to the fact that its last speakers were of relatively low social class and that the definition of what constitutes "a living language" is not clear cut. Peter Pool argues that by 1800 nobody was using Cornish as a daily language and no evidence exists of anyone capable of conversing in the language at that date.[74] However, passive speakers, semi-speakers and rememberers, who retain some competence in the language despite not being fluent nor using the language in daily life, generally survive even longer. The traditional view that Dolly Pentreath (1692–1777) was the last native speaker of Cornish has been challenged,[18] and in the 18th and 19th centuries there was academic interest in the language and in attempting to find the last speaker of Cornish. It has been suggested that, whereas Pentreath was probably the last monolingual speaker, the last native speaker may have been John Davey of Zennor, who died in 1891.[75] However, although it is clear Davey possessed some traditional knowledge in addition to having read books on Cornish, accounts differ of his competence in the language. Some contemporaries stated he was able to converse on certain topics in Cornish whereas others affirmed they had never heard him claim to be able to do so.[74] Robert Morton Nance, who reworked and translated Davey's Cranken Rhyme, remarked, "There can be no doubt, after the evidence of this rhyme, of what there was to lose by neglecting John Davey."[76] The search for the last speaker is hampered by a lack of transcriptions or audio recordings, so that it is impossible to tell from this distance whether the language these people were reported to be speaking was Cornish, or English with a heavy Cornish substratum, nor what their level of fluency was. Nevertheless this academic interest, along with the beginning of the Celtic Revival in the late 19th century, provided the groundwork for a Cornish language revival movement. Notwithstanding the uncertainty over who was the last speaker of Cornish, researchers have posited the following numbers for the prevalence of the language between 1050 and 1800.[48][47]
Kernowek po Kernewek yw yeth keltek Kernow. Bretonek yw y gar nessa, hag yma an dhiw yeth na, gans Kembrek, ow kul an bagas Brythonek a'n kordh keltek. Yma an yeth ow kevrenna 80% a'y erva selvenek gans Bretonek, 75% gans Kembrek, ha 35% gans an yethow Godhelek, Iwerdhonek ha Gwydhelek an Alban. Yma Kembrek ow kevrenna 70% a'y erva selvenek gans Bretonek. Avel yeth ranndiryel a Bow Kernow, yma Kernewek dhe les dh'unn gre sodhogel, hag yma Konsel Kernow (gwelewgh Politegieth Kernow) ow ri arhans rag hwarvedhyansow y'n yeth dasserhyes. Lien[golegi | pennfenten] Erthyglow leun a vanylyon: Lien Kernowek ha Skriforyon yn Kernowek. Yma dew vagas a oberow lien Kernewek, herwydh an prys. An kynsa yw an lien hengovek, hag an nessa yw lien an dasserhyans. Manahow gatholik ha pronteryon erel a skrifas oberow chyf a'n lien hengovek. An lien arnowydh yw askorras kenedhlogoryon hag erel a erviras gul devnydh a'n yeth. Y'n termyn ma, brassa yw korf an lien arnowydh ages an korf hengovek. Kernewek yw pupprys skrifys y'n lytherennek romanek, mes war-lergh manerow pals. Yn Kernewek hengovek, oberow liennek o skrifys yn peswar system dre vras: onan an Vocabularium Cornicum (Kernewek Koth); onan a Gernowek Kres (warbarth gans vershyon arbennek Radulphus Ton); onan a Gernewek diwedhes a-dro dhe Bensans (Tonkin, Borlase, an teylu Boson h.e.); hag onan a Edward Lhuyd. Istori an yeth[golegi | pennfenten] https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restren:Penzansagasdynerghcrop.jpeg Arwodh dhiwyethek yn Pennsans Yth esa trigoryon Vreten Veur ow kewsel yeth keltek kyns termyn Iulius Caesar. An Romanyon a asas an enys yn 410, hag an Sowson a drevesigas yn Pow Sows. Kas Dyrham yn 577 a dhiberthas an Vrythonyon yntra "Brythonyon an Worlewin" (an Gembroyon) ha "Brythonyon an Dehow" (an Gernowyon). Yn 936 y tryghas luyow Athelstan (an myghtern sows) bro Kernow hag apoyntya Dowr Tamer avel an amal ynter tus Dewnans ha'n Gernowyon. Yma nebes skrifennow Kernewek Koth ow tydhya a'n oos ma, yn arbennek an Vocabularium Cornicum. An Pla Meur a hedhas Breten Veur yn 1349. Yth esa kemmys ankow na dhaskavas niver a Gernowegoryon nevra hwath. Y'n degbledhenyow ow tos, y skrifas hwelow chyf a lien Kernewek Kres – an Ordinalia ha Beunans Meriasek – yn Kollji Glasneth (sodhva a epskobeth katholik Karesk). Mes yth esa an yeth hwath ow kelli hy hys. Kaws a Rebellyans an Lyver Pysadow yn 1549 o enebi an lyvrow pysadow protestant nowyth, skrifys yn Sowsnek yn unnik. Kernewek Diwedhes a dhisplegyas yn 17ves kansblydhen yn kevrangow Pennwydh ha Kerrier. Sempelheansow gramasek hag omgerdh fonologiek o gnasow arbennek an oos ma. Yth esa an skoler brythonek Edward Lhuyd yn Kernow ow studhya an yeth y'n furv dhiwedhes ma yn 1700. Unn a'n diwettha Kernowegoryon aga mammyeth o Dolly Pentreath a Borthynys; hi a veu marow yn 1777. A-dhia 1904, nebes aktivedhyon a omgemmeras kaskyrgh rag dyski, devnydhya ha dasvywa an yeth y'n Dasserhyans Kernowek. Yn 1986, an omsav Kernewek a wodhevis fols yn tri bagas; mes ny lehas an niver a studhyoryon an yeth. Wosa kansblydhen a vywder tavosel, an yeth a gavas hy haswon gans Senedh an Rywvaneth Unys avel taves ranndiryel Gernow yn 2002 yn-dann an Chartour Europek rag Yethow Ranndiryel po Bian. Studhyans[golegi | pennfenten] Gwelewgh Studhyansow Kernowek rag rol a lyvrow gramasek, gerlyvrow, h.e. Y'n 17ves kansblydhen, William Scawen (1601–1689) o onan a'n kynsa tus a vynna kuntelles lavarow ha remenans an yeth kernewek. Nebes termyn wosa henna, y tisplegyas skol antikwaris Pennwydh a-dro dhe John Keigwin, an teylu Boson, William Borlase, h.e. An skoler kembrek Edward Lhuyd (onan a'n fondyers a studhyow Keltek) a oberas warbarth gans eseli an bagas ma. Kansblydhen wosa henna ogatti, William Pryce (1725(?)–1790) a berhennogas hwithransow Kernewek Lhuyd ha'ga dyllo avel Archaeologia Cornu-Britannica (1790). Rowedh meur esa dhe'n lyver ma y'n bledhenyow a-varr a studhyansow Kernewek, kyns skoloryon dhe wodhvos bos Lhuyd an awtour chyf. Attendya an taves Kernewek a wrug moy ha moy a akademedhyon y'n 19ves kansblydhen. Edwin Norris (1795–1872) a dhyllas an Ordinale yn 1859 (The Ancient Cornish Drama), warbarth gans treylyans Sowsnek ha gramasek Kernewek. Whitley Stokes (1830–1909), den laha a Iwerdhon, o den a boos yn studhyansow Keltek; dyllansow Gwreans an Bys ha Beunans Meriasek ev a wrug warbarth gans gerva a 2000 ger. An skoler bretonek Joseph Loth (1847–1934) a studhya Bretonek ha Kembrek warbarth gans Kernewek. Ev a dhylla lies erthygel a-dro dhe'n yeth Kernewek yn Revue Celtique. Henry Jenner, kynsa hembrenkyas an dasserhyans, a avowys Loth ha Stokes avel ragresegedhyon a res dhodho. Llawlyfr Cernyweg Canol o gramasek Kernewek Kres gans Henry Lewis hag esa dhe les dhe A.S.D. Smith ha Kembregoryon erel. Revd Robert Williams a skrifas Lexicon Cornu-Britannicum (gerva) yn 1865, ha Dr Frederick W.P. Jago unn gerlyver Sowsnek-Kernewek yn 1885. Gramasek ha gerva Kernewek o materow alhwedhel sertan rag gedyoryon an Dasserhyans: Jenner, Hal Wyn, Mordon, Caradar, h.e. Yma Ray Edwards, Oliver Padell, Nicholas Williams, Richard Gendall ha Ken George ow pesya aga hwithransow bys an dedhyow ma. A-der an Dasserhyans, kevrohow notadow dhe studhyansow an yeth kernewek a wrug Paula Neuss, Brian Murdoch, Lauren Toorians, hag erel. Fonologieth[golegi | pennfenten] Yma lies tybyans a-dro dhe fonologieth Kernewek a'n eyl oos ha'n aral, ha nyns eus unnveredh war lies poynt posek. Yn-mysk an skoloryon ow studhya an maters ma lemmyn, y tegodh notya Nicholas Williams, Ken George, Charles Penglase, Richard Gendall hag Ifan Wmffre. War-lergh Ken George, fonologieth Kernewek a-dro dhe dermyn Bywnans Meryasek a via moy po lyha yndella: