leun a vanylyon oor Engels

leun a vanylyon

Vertalings in die woordeboek Kornies - Engels

detailed

adjective verb

full of details

rich in detail

Soortgelyke frases

mappow leun a vanylyon
detailed maps · maps full of details

voorbeelde

"Erthygel leun a vanylyon: Dasserhyans Kernowek"
"Erthygel leun a vanylyon: Dasserhyans Kernowek"

/ mappow leun a vanylyon / / /
maps full of details

/ mappow leun a vanylyon / / /
detailed maps

/ leun a vanylyon / / /
full of details

/ leun a vanylyon / / /
detailed

/ leun a vanylyon / / /
rich in detail

Kresen Kernow yw tre dhe vilyow a dennow bal hag a yll bos leun a vanylyon yn kever hag a-ugh hag yn-dann dor.
Kresen Kernow is home to thousands of mine plans that can be rich in detail of both above and below ground.

An kuntel a’n jeves moy es 50 lyther leun a vanylyon rych ow tochya bewnans war an or valweyth, danvenys tre gans Richard Scoble a Amerika Kledh dh’y deylu yn Deveryon.
The collection includes more than 50 letters full of rich detail about life on the mining frontier sent home from Richard Scoble in North America to his family in Devoran.

Kresen Kernow a syns divers lyvrow ha derivasow ow tochya an Kesvaow ma hag awtoritas yeghesel diwettha, may's teves nebes anedha mappow leun a vanylyon ha delinyansow, ow provia yndella vu meur y les yn istori teythyek.
Kresen Kernow holds a range of books and reports related to these Boards and later sanitary authorities, some of which contain detailed maps and drawings, thus providing a fascinating local history insight.

Ha trevow ow tevi dres an 19ves kansvledhen, bernyow a-dro dhe losedh, disesys ha studhyow treven a ynkressyas. Awos hemma, Kesvaow Yeghes a veu selys, ha gansa an omgemeryans rag yeghesweyth, karthkleudhyans, dowrgleudhyans, provians dowr, dyghtyans stretys, mentons ynkleudhvaow, rewlyans lattiow ha moy. Kresen Kernow a syns divers lyvrow ha derivasow ow tochya an Kesvaow ma hag awtoritas yeghesel diwettha, may’s teves nebes anedha mappow leun a vanylyon ha delinyansow, ow provia yndella vu meur y les yn istori teythyek.
As towns grew in the 19th century, concerns over squalor, disease and housing conditions increased. As a result, Boards of Health were set up, which were responsible for sanitation, sewerage, drainage, water supply, street management, burial ground maintenance, regulation of slaughter houses and more. Kresen Kernow holds a range of books and reports related to these Boards and later sanitary authorities, some of which contain detailed maps and drawings, thus providing a fascinating local history insight.

Breten Vian (Frynkek: Bretagne; Bretonek: Breizh; Gallowek: Bertaèyn) yw pow keltek ystorek war gonna-tir an broastir europek ynter an Mor Bretannek ha Baya Biscay. A-dhia an Domhwelans Frynkek a 1789, ma Breten Vian ow kwil rann a'n Repoblek Frynkek. Hanow an pow in Kernowek a ell inwedh bos Lesow war-lergh Edward Lhuyd, neb a'y skrifas ev avell Lezou. Dyberthys yw hei lemmyn yntra dyw ranvro (régions) frynkek, Ranvro Breten Vian ha Ranvro Broyow an Liger. I'n kenja ranvro, ma pejar a'n pemp département an pow ystorek; an pempes (Liger-Atlantek) ujy in Broyow an Liger, warbarth gans départements dhyworth powyow erell (Poitou, Maine, ha Touraine). Lies ragadasow a'n Vretonyon a asas Breten Veur woja an Romanyon dhe omdenna in 410 OK. I'n 9ves kansblydhen, Nevenoioù (Frynkek: Nominoë) rug kesunya Breten Vian oll in ruwvaneth eudnyk. Ancredoryon mor a wannhas an ruwvaneth ma in dalleth an 10ves cansvledhen. An ruwvaneth rug kelly Naoned ha'n Liger isel in 909, pan veu Foulque d'Anjou Yurl Naoned. Breten Vian a veu dugeth sempel in-dann Alan an Lowarn (Alain Barbetorte), neb a rainyas a-dhia 936 bys in 952. Castell an dhugys, Naoned. Lies Bretonyon a omjunyas dhe dregh an Normanyon a Vreten Veur in 1066. Anjou ha'n Normanyon, ha woja hedna an Sowson ha Pow Frynk, o in strif dres termyn hir orth maistry war Vreten Vian. In 1203, Conteth Naoned a veu restoryes dhe Vreten Vian; Naoned a venja servya avell benncita an dhugeth dres termyn hir. Gallowek ha Frynkek a veu an chyf tavosow i'n dhugeth. Bresel an Eretons Bretonek yntra 1341 ha 1364 a enebas keffrysysy Pow Sows erbydn keffrysysy curun Pow Frynk. Les-serhek era an dhugys i'n termyn na. Erthygel leun a vanylyon: Dugeth Vreten Vyghan. Kevambos Unyans a dhywedhas anserhogeth Breten Vian in 1532, bes an pow era hwath omrewl a-jei dhe Bow Frynk bys 1789. Kerens an Sowson erbynn an Domwhelans Frenkak o an Chouanted. Théodore de La Villemarqué rug cuntelles ha dyllo canow Breten Vian Awartha, Barzaz Breiz, in 1839. An lever ma a veu geryes da in Frynk. Gweres dasserhy lien Bretonek ha studhyansow Keltek rugava. In 1978, an gorhel Amoco Cadiz ow toon olew dhyworth an Baya Persian tu ha Rotterdam, rug sedha i'n mor por ogas dhe Portsall in Penn an Bes. Th'era 1,604,500 balyer (219,797,000 kg) a olew war an gorhel. Hebm yw onen a'n drokka labmow ecolojyk in ystory.
Brittany (/ˈbrɪtəni/; French: Bretagne [bʁətaɲ] ; Breton: Breizh, pronounced [bʁɛjs] or [bʁɛx]; Gallo: Bertaèyn [bəʁtaɛɲ]) is a peninsula, historical country, and cultural area in the west of modern France, covering the western part of what was known as Armorica during the period of Roman occupation. It became an independent kingdom and then a duchy before being united with the Kingdom of France in 1532 as a province governed as a separate nation under the crown. Brittany has also been referred to as Little Britain (as opposed to Great Britain, with which it shares an etymology). It is bordered by the English Channel to the north, Normandy to the northeast, eastern Pays de la Loire to the southeast, the Bay of Biscay to the south, and the Celtic Sea and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Its land area is 34,023 km2 (13,136 sq mi). Brittany is the site of some of the world's oldest standing architecture, home to the Barnenez, the Tumulus Saint-Michel and others, which date to the early 5th millennium BC. Today, the historical province of Brittany is split among five French departments: Finistère in the west, Côtes-d'Armor in the north, Ille-et-Vilaine in the northeast, Morbihan in the south and Loire-Atlantique in the southeast. Loire-Atlantique now belongs to the Pays de la Loire region while the other four departments make up the Brittany region. At the 2010 census, the population of historic Brittany was estimated to be 4,475,295. In 2017, the largest metropolitan areas were Nantes (934,165 inhabitants), Rennes (733,320 inhabitants), and Brest (321,364 inhabitants). Brittany is the traditional homeland of the Breton people and is one of the six Celtic nations, retaining a distinct cultural identity that reflects its history. A nationalist movement seeks greater autonomy within the French Republic, or independence from it.

Kernowek po Kernewek yw yeth keltek Kernow. Bretonek yw y gar nessa, hag yma an dhiw yeth na, gans Kembrek, ow kul an bagas Brythonek a'n kordh keltek. Yma an yeth ow kevrenna 80% a'y erva selvenek gans Bretonek, 75% gans Kembrek, ha 35% gans an yethow Godhelek, Iwerdhonek ha Gwydhelek an Alban. Yma Kembrek ow kevrenna 70% a'y erva selvenek gans Bretonek. Avel yeth ranndiryel a Bow Kernow, yma Kernewek dhe les dh'unn gre sodhogel, hag yma Konsel Kernow (gwelewgh Politegieth Kernow) ow ri arhans rag hwarvedhyansow y'n yeth dasserhyes. Lien[golegi | pennfenten] Erthyglow leun a vanylyon: Lien Kernowek ha Skriforyon yn Kernowek. Yma dew vagas a oberow lien Kernewek, herwydh an prys. An kynsa yw an lien hengovek, hag an nessa yw lien an dasserhyans. Manahow gatholik ha pronteryon erel a skrifas oberow chyf a'n lien hengovek. An lien arnowydh yw askorras kenedhlogoryon hag erel a erviras gul devnydh a'n yeth. Y'n termyn ma, brassa yw korf an lien arnowydh ages an korf hengovek. Kernewek yw pupprys skrifys y'n lytherennek romanek, mes war-lergh manerow pals. Yn Kernewek hengovek, oberow liennek o skrifys yn peswar system dre vras: onan an Vocabularium Cornicum (Kernewek Koth); onan a Gernowek Kres (warbarth gans vershyon arbennek Radulphus Ton); onan a Gernewek diwedhes a-dro dhe Bensans (Tonkin, Borlase, an teylu Boson h.e.); hag onan a Edward Lhuyd. Istori an yeth[golegi | pennfenten] https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restren:Penzansagasdynerghcrop.jpeg Arwodh dhiwyethek yn Pennsans Yth esa trigoryon Vreten Veur ow kewsel yeth keltek kyns termyn Iulius Caesar. An Romanyon a asas an enys yn 410, hag an Sowson a drevesigas yn Pow Sows. Kas Dyrham yn 577 a dhiberthas an Vrythonyon yntra "Brythonyon an Worlewin" (an Gembroyon) ha "Brythonyon an Dehow" (an Gernowyon). Yn 936 y tryghas luyow Athelstan (an myghtern sows) bro Kernow hag apoyntya Dowr Tamer avel an amal ynter tus Dewnans ha'n Gernowyon. Yma nebes skrifennow Kernewek Koth ow tydhya a'n oos ma, yn arbennek an Vocabularium Cornicum. An Pla Meur a hedhas Breten Veur yn 1349. Yth esa kemmys ankow na dhaskavas niver a Gernowegoryon nevra hwath. Y'n degbledhenyow ow tos, y skrifas hwelow chyf a lien Kernewek Kres – an Ordinalia ha Beunans Meriasek – yn Kollji Glasneth (sodhva a epskobeth katholik Karesk). Mes yth esa an yeth hwath ow kelli hy hys. Kaws a Rebellyans an Lyver Pysadow yn 1549 o enebi an lyvrow pysadow protestant nowyth, skrifys yn Sowsnek yn unnik. Kernewek Diwedhes a dhisplegyas yn 17ves kansblydhen yn kevrangow Pennwydh ha Kerrier. Sempelheansow gramasek hag omgerdh fonologiek o gnasow arbennek an oos ma. Yth esa an skoler brythonek Edward Lhuyd yn Kernow ow studhya an yeth y'n furv dhiwedhes ma yn 1700. Unn a'n diwettha Kernowegoryon aga mammyeth o Dolly Pentreath a Borthynys; hi a veu marow yn 1777. A-dhia 1904, nebes aktivedhyon a omgemmeras kaskyrgh rag dyski, devnydhya ha dasvywa an yeth y'n Dasserhyans Kernowek. Yn 1986, an omsav Kernewek a wodhevis fols yn tri bagas; mes ny lehas an niver a studhyoryon an yeth. Wosa kansblydhen a vywder tavosel, an yeth a gavas hy haswon gans Senedh an Rywvaneth Unys avel taves ranndiryel Gernow yn 2002 yn-dann an Chartour Europek rag Yethow Ranndiryel po Bian. Studhyans[golegi | pennfenten] Gwelewgh Studhyansow Kernowek rag rol a lyvrow gramasek, gerlyvrow, h.e. Y'n 17ves kansblydhen, William Scawen (1601–1689) o onan a'n kynsa tus a vynna kuntelles lavarow ha remenans an yeth kernewek. Nebes termyn wosa henna, y tisplegyas skol antikwaris Pennwydh a-dro dhe John Keigwin, an teylu Boson, William Borlase, h.e. An skoler kembrek Edward Lhuyd (onan a'n fondyers a studhyow Keltek) a oberas warbarth gans eseli an bagas ma. Kansblydhen wosa henna ogatti, William Pryce (1725(?)–1790) a berhennogas hwithransow Kernewek Lhuyd ha'ga dyllo avel Archaeologia Cornu-Britannica (1790). Rowedh meur esa dhe'n lyver ma y'n bledhenyow a-varr a studhyansow Kernewek, kyns skoloryon dhe wodhvos bos Lhuyd an awtour chyf. Attendya an taves Kernewek a wrug moy ha moy a akademedhyon y'n 19ves kansblydhen. Edwin Norris (1795–1872) a dhyllas an Ordinale yn 1859 (The Ancient Cornish Drama), warbarth gans treylyans Sowsnek ha gramasek Kernewek. Whitley Stokes (1830–1909), den laha a Iwerdhon, o den a boos yn studhyansow Keltek; dyllansow Gwreans an Bys ha Beunans Meriasek ev a wrug warbarth gans gerva a 2000 ger. An skoler bretonek Joseph Loth (1847–1934) a studhya Bretonek ha Kembrek warbarth gans Kernewek. Ev a dhylla lies erthygel a-dro dhe'n yeth Kernewek yn Revue Celtique. Henry Jenner, kynsa hembrenkyas an dasserhyans, a avowys Loth ha Stokes avel ragresegedhyon a res dhodho. Llawlyfr Cernyweg Canol o gramasek Kernewek Kres gans Henry Lewis hag esa dhe les dhe A.S.D. Smith ha Kembregoryon erel. Revd Robert Williams a skrifas Lexicon Cornu-Britannicum (gerva) yn 1865, ha Dr Frederick W.P. Jago unn gerlyver Sowsnek-Kernewek yn 1885. Gramasek ha gerva Kernewek o materow alhwedhel sertan rag gedyoryon an Dasserhyans: Jenner, Hal Wyn, Mordon, Caradar, h.e. Yma Ray Edwards, Oliver Padell, Nicholas Williams, Richard Gendall ha Ken George ow pesya aga hwithransow bys an dedhyow ma. A-der an Dasserhyans, kevrohow notadow dhe studhyansow an yeth kernewek a wrug Paula Neuss, Brian Murdoch, Lauren Toorians, hag erel. Fonologieth[golegi | pennfenten] Yma lies tybyans a-dro dhe fonologieth Kernewek a'n eyl oos ha'n aral, ha nyns eus unnveredh war lies poynt posek. Yn-mysk an skoloryon ow studhya an maters ma lemmyn, y tegodh notya Nicholas Williams, Ken George, Charles Penglase, Richard Gendall hag Ifan Wmffre. War-lergh Ken George, fonologieth Kernewek a-dro dhe dermyn Bywnans Meryasek a via moy po lyha yndella:
Cornish (Standard Written Form: Kernewek or Kernowek;[8] [kəɾˈnuːək]) is a Southwestern Brittonic language of the Celtic language family. It is a revived language, having become extinct as a living community language in Cornwall at the end of the 18th century. However, knowledge of Cornish, including speaking ability to a certain extent, continued to be passed on within families and by individuals,[9] and a revival began in the early 20th century. The language has a growing number of second-language speakers,[10] and a very small number of families now raise children to speak revived Cornish as a first language.[11][12] Cornish is currently recognised under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages,[13] and the language is often described as an important part of Cornish identity, culture and heritage.[14][15] Along with Welsh and Breton, Cornish is descended from the Common Brittonic language spoken throughout much of Great Britain before the English language came to dominate. For centuries, until it was pushed westwards by English, it was the main language of Cornwall, maintaining close links with its sister language Breton, with which it was mutually intelligible, perhaps even as long as Cornish continued to be spoken as a vernacular.[16][17] Cornish continued to function as a common community language in parts of Cornwall until the mid 18th century. There is some evidence of knowledge of the language persisting into the 19th century, possibly almost overlapping the beginning of revival efforts.[18] A process to revive the language began in the early 20th century, and in 2010, UNESCO announced that its former classification of the language as "extinct" was "no longer accurate."[19] Since the revival of the language, some Cornish textbooks and works of literature have been published, and an increasing number of people are studying the language.[10] Recent developments include Cornish music,[20] independent films,[21] and children's books. A small number of people in Cornwall have been brought up to be bilingual native speakers,[22][23] and the language is taught in schools and appears on road signs.[24][25] The first Cornish-language day care opened in 2010.[26] Classification[edit] Cornish is a Southwestern Brittonic language,[27] a branch of the Insular Celtic section of the Celtic language family, which is a sub-family of the Indo-European language family.[28] Brittonic also includes Welsh, Breton, Cumbric and possibly Pictish, the last two of which are extinct. Scottish Gaelic, Irish and Manx are part of the separate Goidelic branch of Insular Celtic. Joseph Loth viewed Cornish and Breton as being two dialects of the same language, claiming that "Middle Cornish is without doubt closer to Breton as a whole than the modern Breton dialect of Quiberon [Kiberen] is to that of Saint-Pol-de-Léon [Kastell-Paol]."[29] Also, Kenneth Jackson argued that it is almost certain that Cornish and Breton would have been mutually intelligible as long as Cornish was a living language, and that Cornish and Breton are especially closely related to each other and less closely related to Welsh.[30] History[edit] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornish_language_shift.svg A map showing the westward decline of Cornish, 1300–1750 Cornish evolved from the Common Brittonic spoken throughout Britain south of the Firth of Forth during the British Iron Age and Roman period. As a result of westward Anglo-Saxon expansion, the Britons of the southwest were separated from those in modern-day Wales and Cumbria, which Jackson links to the defeat of the Britons at the Battle of Deorham in about 577.[31] The western dialects eventually evolved into modern Welsh and the now extinct Cumbric, while Southwestern Brittonic developed into Cornish and Breton, the latter as a result of emigration to parts of the continent, known as Brittany over the following centuries.[32] Old Cornish[edit] The area controlled by the southwestern Britons was progressively reduced by the expansion of Wessex over the next few centuries. During the Old Cornish (Kernewek Koth)[33] period (800–1200), the Cornish-speaking area was largely coterminous with modern-day Cornwall, after the Saxons had taken over Devon in their south-westward advance, which probably was facilitated by a second migration wave to Brittany that resulted in the partial depopulation of Devon.[34] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vocabularium_Cornicum_BL_MS_Cotton_Vespasian_A_xiv_7r.jpg The first page of Vocabularium Cornicum, a 12th-century Latin-Cornish glossary The earliest written record of the Cornish language comes from this period: a 9th-century gloss in a Latin manuscript of De Consolatione Philosophiae by Boethius, which used the words ud rocashaas. The phrase may mean "it [the mind] hated the gloomy places",[35][36] or alternatively, as Andrew Breeze suggests, "she hated the land".[37] Other sources from this period include the Saints' List, a list of almost fifty Cornish saints,[38] the Bodmin manumissions, which is a list of manumittors and slaves, the latter with mostly Cornish names,[39] and, more substantially, a Latin-Cornish glossary (the Vocabularium Cornicum or Cottonian Vocabulary), a Cornish translation of Ælfric of Eynsham's Latin-Old English Glossary,[40] which is thematically arranged into several groups, such as the Genesis creation narrative, anatomy, church hierarchy, the family, names for various kinds of artisans and their tools, flora, fauna, and household items.[41][42] The manuscript was widely thought to be in Old Welsh until the 18th century when it was identified as Cornish by Edward Lhuyd.[43] Some Brittonic glosses in the 9th-century colloquy De raris fabulis were once identified as Old Cornish, but they are more likely Old Welsh, possibly influenced by a Cornish scribe.[44] No single phonological feature distinguishes Cornish from both Welsh and Breton until the beginning of the assibilation of dental stops in Cornish, which is not found before the second half of the eleventh century,[45] and it is not always possible to distinguish Old Cornish, Old Breton, and Old Welsh orthographically.[46] Middle Cornish[edit] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Origo_Mundi_kynsa_gwersow.jpg The opening verses of Origo Mundi, the first play of the Ordinalia (the magnum opus of medieval Cornish literature), written by an unknown monk in the late 14th century https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beunans_Meriasek_(The_life_of_St_Meriasek)_(f.56v.)_Middle_Cornish_Saint%27s_Play.jpg Beunans Meriasek (The life of St. Meriasek) (f.56v.) Middle Cornish Saint's Play The Cornish language continued to flourish well through the Middle Cornish (Kernewek Kres)[33] period (1200–1600), reaching a peak of about 39,000 speakers in the 13th century, after which the number started to decline.[47][48] This period provided the bulk of traditional Cornish literature, and was used to reconstruct the language during its revival. Most important is the Ordinalia, a cycle of three mystery plays, Origo Mundi, Passio Christi and Resurrexio Domini. Together these provide about 8,734 lines of text. The three plays exhibit a mixture of English and Brittonic influences, and, like other Cornish literature, may have been written at Glasney College near Penryn.[49] From this period also are the hagiographical dramas Beunans Meriasek (The Life of Meriasek) and Bewnans Ke (The Life of Ke), both of which feature as an antagonist the villainous and tyrannical King Tewdar (or Teudar), a historical medieval king in Armorica and Cornwall, who, in these plays, has been interpreted as a lampoon of either of the Tudor kings Henry VII or Henry VIII.[50] Others are the Charter Fragment, the earliest known continuous text in the Cornish language, apparently part of a play about a medieval marriage,[51] and Pascon agan Arluth (The Passion of Our Lord), a poem probably intended for personal worship, were written during this period, probably in the second half of the 14th century.[52] Another important text, the Tregear Homilies, was realized to be Cornish in 1949, having previously been incorrectly classified as Welsh. It is the longest text in the traditional Cornish language, consisting of around 30,000 words of continuous prose. This text is a late 16th century translation of twelve of Bishop Bonner's thirteen homilies by a certain John Tregear, tentatively identified as a vicar of St Allen from Crowan,[53] and has an additional catena, Sacrament an Alter, added later by his fellow priest, Thomas Stephyn.[54] In the reign of Henry VIII, an account was given by Andrew Boorde in his 1542 Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge. He states, "In Cornwall is two speches, the one is naughty Englysshe, and the other is Cornysshe speche. And there be many men and women the which cannot speake one worde of Englysshe, but all Cornyshe."[55] When Parliament passed the Act of Uniformity 1549, which established the 1549 edition of the English Book of Common Prayer as the sole legal form of worship in England, including Cornwall, people in many areas of Cornwall did not speak or understand English. The passing of this Act was one of the causes of the Prayer Book Rebellion (which may also have been influenced by the retaliation of the English after the failed Cornish Rebellion of 1497), with "the commoners of Devonshyre and Cornwall" producing a manifesto demanding a return to the old religious services and included an article that concluded, "and so we the Cornyshe men (whereof certen of us understande no Englysh) utterly refuse thys newe Englysh."[56] In response to their articles, the government spokesman (either Philip Nichols or Nicholas Udall) wondered why they did not just ask the king for a version of the liturgy in their own language.[57] Archbishop Thomas Cranmer asked why the Cornishmen should be offended by holding the service in English, when they had before held it in Latin, which even fewer of them could understand.[58] Anthony Fletcher points out that this rebellion was primarily motivated by religious and economic, rather than linguistic, concerns.[59] The rebellion prompted a heavy-handed response from the government, and 5,500 people died during the fighting and the rebellion's aftermath. Government officials then directed troops under the command of Sir Anthony Kingston to carry out pacification operations throughout the West Country. Kingston subsequently ordered the executions of numerous individuals suspected of involvement with the rebellion as part of the post-rebellion reprisals.[60] The rebellion eventually proved a turning-point for the Cornish language, as the authorities came to associate it with sedition and "backwardness". This proved to be one of the reasons why the Book of Common Prayer was never translated into Cornish (unlike Welsh), as proposals to do so were suppressed in the rebellion's aftermath. The failure to translate the Book of Common Prayer into Cornish led to the language's rapid decline during the 16th and 17th centuries.[61][62] Peter Berresford Ellis cites the years 1550–1650 as a century of immense damage for the language, and its decline can be traced to this period. In 1680 William Scawen wrote an essay describing 16 reasons for the decline of Cornish, among them the lack of a distinctive Cornish alphabet, the loss of contact between Cornwall and Brittany, the cessation of the miracle plays, loss of records in the Civil War, lack of a Cornish Bible and immigration to Cornwall.[63] Mark Stoyle, however, has argued that the 'glotticide' of the Cornish language was mainly a result of the Cornish gentry adopting English to dissociate themselves from the reputation for disloyalty and rebellion associated with the Cornish language since the 1497 uprising.[64] Late Cornish[edit] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lether_Bodinar.jpg William Bodinar's letter, dated 3 July 1776 By the middle of the 17th century, the language had retreated to Penwith and Kerrier, and transmission of the language to new generations had almost entirely ceased. In his Survey of Cornwall, published in 1602, Richard Carew writes: [M]ost of the inhabitants can speak no word of Cornish, but very few are ignorant of the English; and yet some so affect their own, as to a stranger they will not speak it; for if meeting them by chance, you inquire the way, or any such matter, your answer shall be, "Meea navidna caw zasawzneck," "I [will] speak no Saxonage."[65] The Late Cornish (Kernewek Diwedhes)[33] period from 1600 to about 1800 has a less substantial body of literature than the Middle Cornish period, but the sources are more varied in nature, including songs, poems about fishing and curing pilchards, and various translations of verses from the Bible, the Ten Commandments, the Lord's Prayer and the Creed.[66] Edward Lhuyd's Archaeologia Britannica, which was mainly recorded in the field from native speakers in the early 1700s, and his unpublished field notebook are seen as important sources of Cornish vocabulary, some of which are not found in any other source.[67] Archaeologia Britannica also features a complete version of a traditional folk tale, John of Chyanhor, a short story about a man from St Levan who goes far to the east seeking work, eventually returning home after three years to find that his wife has borne him a child during his absence.[68] In 1776, William Bodinar, who describes himself as having learned Cornish from old fishermen when he was a boy, wrote a letter to Daines Barrington in Cornish, with an English translation, which was probably the last prose written in the traditional language. In his letter, he describes the sociolinguistics of the Cornish language at the time, stating that there are no more than four or five old people in his village who can still speak Cornish, concluding with the remark that Cornish is no longer known by young people.[69] However, the last recorded traditional Cornish literature may have been the Cranken Rhyme,[70][71] a corrupted version of a verse or song published in the late 19th century by John Hobson Matthews, recorded orally by John Davey (or Davy) of Boswednack, of uncertain date but probably originally composed during the last years of the traditional language. Davey had traditional knowledge of at least some Cornish.[72] John Kelynack (1796–1885), a fisherman of Newlyn, was sought by philologists for old Cornish words and technical phrases in the 19th century.[73] Decline of Cornish speakers between 1300 and 1800[edit] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dorothy_Pentreath.jpg Dolly Pentreath (died 1777), said to be the last monolingual speaker of Cornish, in an engraved portrait published in 1781 It is difficult to state with certainty when Cornish ceased to be spoken, due to the fact that its last speakers were of relatively low social class and that the definition of what constitutes "a living language" is not clear cut. Peter Pool argues that by 1800 nobody was using Cornish as a daily language and no evidence exists of anyone capable of conversing in the language at that date.[74] However, passive speakers, semi-speakers and rememberers, who retain some competence in the language despite not being fluent nor using the language in daily life, generally survive even longer. The traditional view that Dolly Pentreath (1692–1777) was the last native speaker of Cornish has been challenged,[18] and in the 18th and 19th centuries there was academic interest in the language and in attempting to find the last speaker of Cornish. It has been suggested that, whereas Pentreath was probably the last monolingual speaker, the last native speaker may have been John Davey of Zennor, who died in 1891.[75] However, although it is clear Davey possessed some traditional knowledge in addition to having read books on Cornish, accounts differ of his competence in the language. Some contemporaries stated he was able to converse on certain topics in Cornish whereas others affirmed they had never heard him claim to be able to do so.[74] Robert Morton Nance, who reworked and translated Davey's Cranken Rhyme, remarked, "There can be no doubt, after the evidence of this rhyme, of what there was to lose by neglecting John Davey."[76] The search for the last speaker is hampered by a lack of transcriptions or audio recordings, so that it is impossible to tell from this distance whether the language these people were reported to be speaking was Cornish, or English with a heavy Cornish substratum, nor what their level of fluency was. Nevertheless this academic interest, along with the beginning of the Celtic Revival in the late 19th century, provided the groundwork for a Cornish language revival movement. Notwithstanding the uncertainty over who was the last speaker of Cornish, researchers have posited the following numbers for the prevalence of the language between 1050 and 1800.[48][47]