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Thulium is a chemical element with the symbol Tm and atomic number 69. It is the thirteenth and third-last element in the lanthanide series. Like the other lanthanides, the most common oxidation state is +3, seen in its oxide, halides and other compounds; however, the +2 oxidation state can also be stable. In aqueous solution, like compounds of other late lanthanides, soluble thulium compounds form coordination complexes with nine water molecules. In 1879, the Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve separated from the rare earth oxide erbia another two previously unknown components, which he called holmia and thulia; these were the oxides of holmium and thulium, respectively. A relatively pure sample of thulium metal was first obtained in 1911. Thulium is the second-least abundant of the lanthanides, after radioactively unstable promethium which is only found in trace quantities on Earth. It is an easily workable metal with a bright silvery-gray luster. It is fairly soft and slowly tarnishes in air. Despite its high price and rarity, thulium is used as the radiation source in portable X-ray devices, and in some solid-state lasers. It has no significant biological role and is not particularly toxic.
Elven gymyk yw thuliom, niver 69 y'n Vosen Beriodek. Y furvell yw Tm. An hanow a dheu dhyworth an hanow Greka rag Loghlyn, Thule. Onan a'n elvennow dor-tanow po lanthanid yw thuliom. Nyns eus rann vewoniethel dhe thuliom, mes nyns yw gwenonek. Diskudhys veu thuliom gans Per Teodor Cleve (1840-1905), kymygydh a Sweden, kettermyn ha diskudhans holmiom. Kevys yw yn mynsow munys gans lanthanidow erel yn monow kepar ha gadolinit. Askorrys yw a-dro dhe 50 tonnas a thuliom an vledhen, dre vras yn China. Pur gostek yw thuliom. Kost polter thuliom 99% pur yw $70 an gramm. Keworrys yw thuliom gans holmiom ha kromiom dhe oberi laserow garnet ytriom-aluminiom. Usys yns yn leuvvedhegneth, gans an luyow ervys, hag yn keweronieth. Usys yw an isotop thuliom-170 avel pennfenten dewynnow-X gans medhogyon ha medhogyon dens. Gorrys yw yn notennow arghantti euro avel musur gorthfugya. Usys yw thuliom ynwedh yn ughkendegoryon tempredh-ughel. Poos atomek thulion yw 168.93, y boynt teudhi yw 1545°C ha'y boynt bryjyon yw 1950°C. Y dhosedh yw 9.3kg an liter. Alkan splann arghansek yw, medhel lowr dhe dreghi gans kollell.langbot langbot
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