In the twelfth century, in order to stress the imperial and transnational character of their office, the emperors began to employ the title "rex Romanorum" (king of the Romans) on their election (by the prince-electors, seven German bishops and noblemen). Distinct titulature for Germany, Italy and Burgundy, which traditionally had their own courts, laws, and chanceries, gradually dropped from use. After the "Imperial Reform" and Reformation settlement, the German part of the Holy Roman Empire was divided into "Reichskreise" (Imperial Circles), which effectively defined Germany against imperial territories outside the Imperial Circles: imperial Italy, the Bohemian Kingdom, and the Old Swiss Confederacy.
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