In addition to the condition, examined in paragraphs 52 to 64 of the present judgment, that such an act must be essentially intended to promote, facilitate or govern such trade, it must also have direct and immediate effects on such trade (judgments of 18 July 2013, Daiichi Sankyo and Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland, C414/11, EU:C:2013:520, paragraph 51, and of 22 October 2013, Commission v Council, C137/12, EU:C:2013:675, paragraph 57, and Opinion 3/15 (Marrakesh Treaty on access to published works) of 14 February 2017, EU:C:2017:114, paragraph 61).
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